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Rolex Yacht-Master Ultimate Buying Guide

As Rolex’s most diverse sports watch collection, the Yacht-Master is not only available in a wide assortment of case metals and sizes but it has also been paired with various bracelet styles and bezel materials. In less than three decades, the Rolex Yacht-Master collection has been home to dozens of references – some of which have been discontinued – and the nautical-inspired sports watch continues to be a mainstay of the Rolex lineup. There are two distinct models that share almost identical names: the Yacht Master and the Yacht Master II.

While the original Rolex Yacht-Master is an ultra-luxurious take on Rolex’s already popular sports watches, the Rolex Yacht-Master II was purpose-built to time out regattas in competitive sailing. Essentially, the Yacht-Master is the kind of watch you wear while lounging on a boat and a Yacht Master II is what you wear if you’re racing one. Nonetheless, both Rolex watches are incredibly popular, sought-after for their sleek designs and impeccable quality.

With that in mind, if you’re in the market for a Rolex Yacht Master, there are some important things you should know about the model (such as its history, pricing, and features) before you make a decision. Here, we’ve compiled everything you need to know about buying Yacht-Master and Yacht-Master II watches to make the most informed purchase possible. Ready to get started?

Rolex Yacht-Master

Yacht-Master Key Features:

– Case Size: 29mm, 35mm, 37mm, 40mm, 42mm – Material Options:  Rolesium, Yellow Rolesor, Everose Rolesor, 18k Yellow Gold, 18k Everose Gold, 18k White Gold – Functions:  Time with running seconds, date display. – Bezel: 60-minute timing (bi-directional) – Water Resistance:  100 meteres / 330 feet. – Strap/Bracelet: Oyster bracelet, Oysterflex bracelet

Click here to learn more about Rolesium: a special metal combination that is only featured on the Rolex Yacht-Master.

Rolex Yacht-Master II

Yacht-Master II Key Features:

– Case Size:  44mm – Material Options: Stainless steel, Everose Rolesor, 18k Yellow Gold, 18k White Gold – Functions:  Time with running seconds, adjustable countdown timer with mechanical memory – Bezel: Ring Command Bezel – Water Resistance:  100 meters / 330 feet. – Strap/Bracelet:  Oyster bracelet

Click here to learn how to set the adjustable countdown timer on the Rolex Yacht-Master II.

Quick Look: Rolex Yacht-Master Timeline

Even though the Yachtmaster collection is one of the newest additions to the Rolex lineup, there has been a great amount of innovation over the years. Additionally, while we didn’t see this watch come to life until the early 1990s, Rolex history shows that they had concepts and ideas of a yacht-themed watch long before it was ever brought to market. 1950’s — Rolex joins the prestigious New York Yacht Club 1966 to 1967 — Sir Francis Chichester becomes the first man to circumnavigate the globe single-handedly and he wore a Rolex Oyster watch 1992 — Rolex introduces the Yacht-Master collection 1994 —  Rolex introduces the midsize and ladies’ models 1996 — Rolex introduces the two-tone midsize and ladies’ models 1997 — Rolex releases the Rolesium version (also known as steel and platinum) 2007 — Rolex releases the Yacht-Master II, which is the world’s first watch equipped with a programmable countdown timer and a mechanical memory 2013 — Rolex updates the movement inside the Yacht-Master II collection from the Cal. 4160 to the Cal. 4161. 2019  — Rolex introduces the Yacht-Master 42 to the collection

History of the Rolex Yacht-Master

While we wouldn’t be introduced to the very first Yacht-Master until 1992, Rolex’s history with sailing actually dates back to 1958, the year the Swiss watchmaker partnered with the prestigious New York Yacht Club. By then, Rolex had already garnered a reputation for making great waterproof watches with the invention of their Rolex Oyster case back in 1926. So, the partnership was actually quite a natural next step.

Rolex solidified its relationship with the world of sailing in 1966 when Francis Chichester — one of history’s most exceptional navigators — became the first person to sail around the globe on his yacht, the Gipsy Moth IV, with a Rolex on his wrist. His voyage, which spanned from August 1966 to May 1967, took him 29,600 miles around the world. however, the most impressive part is that he only had a few tools to help him navigate his way, including nautical charts, a sextant, and a Rolex Oyster Perpetual. The Rolex wristwatch chronometer he used was a reliable and steady partner, helping him keep time amidst rough conditions for 226 days at sea.

Despite the brand’s massive success in creating watches that were great for sailing, Rolex continued to hold back its efforts to create a watch specifically for this category. The brand did briefly dabble with the idea in the 1960’s, releasing a prototype dial for the Cosmograph chronograph with the name “Yacht Master” on it, but the idea never took hold. Today, only two known examples of this prototype Daytona Yacht-Master are known to exist — one belonging to Eric Clapton (whose model sold for $125,100 at auction in 2003) and one owned by legendary Rolex collector John Goldberger.

In 1992, we were finally introduced to the modern Yacht Master we know and love today. Its official name, the Rolex Oyster Perpetual Yacht-Master, was the brand’s first ultra-luxury sports watch built for the open seas. To make sure that collectors understood the luxury aspect of this new watch, the very first 40mm model was forged entirely out of solid 18k yellow gold and featured a matching gold bi-directional rotating bezel (marked to 60 minutes for timing) alongside a gold Oyster bracelet. Over the next few decades, Rolex has expanded the collection using a variety of materials as well as adding new sizes to the luxury nautical watch collection.

15 years after the first release of the Yachtmaster, Rolex introduced the regatta chronograph Yacht-Master II specifically made for sportsmen to use while regatta racing. To cater specifically to these athletes, Rolex outfitted the watch with important features like a programmable countdown timer (to measure with reliability how much time until the start of the race) and both flyback and fly-forward functionality (for easy synchronization should the race committee have to restart the race sequence). Another key difference is that the Rolex Yacht-Master II is only available in one size, 44mm with an Oyster case and bracelet. However, there are a variety of alloys available.

How Much is a Rolex Yacht-Master?

Because there is such a wide variety of sizes and materials used across the Rolex Yacht-Master collection, the prices tend to vary significantly. For example, you can pick up some of the older or smaller Rolex Yacht-Master models for around $5,000 on the second-hand market. However, newer, larger Yacht-Master models, especially those forged out of precious metals, can sell for well into five-figures.

How much is a Yacht Master II?

Due to its large size, complicated movement, and frequent use of precious metals, the Yacht-Master II is one of the higher-priced Rolex watches you can purchase. In terms of pre-owned prices, a stainless steel reference of the Yacht-Master II starts around $15,000. This may seem steep, considering that this Yacht-Master II is stainless steel and doesn’t feature any diamonds or gems. However, the complexity of the movement is what really makes this watch shine and it is the primary factor behind its high price tag. On the higher end, the yellow gold ref. 116688 costs $43,550 retail and can be bought for around $28,000 on the pre-owned market.

Buying Pre-Owned vs New Yacht-Master Watches

The key difference between buying a pre-owned Rolex Yacht-Master or Yacht-Master II versus a new one is the price. For a retail Rolex model , you will surely pay a premium – especially if you choose one of the precious metal models. On the secondary market, you can get a Yacht-Master for a much lower price, and many collectors find this option a better value for their investment. However, this is still totally dependent on the specifics about the watch which you can get an idea of in the chart above. The price of a pre-owned Yacht-Master will always vary depending on factors like its alloy, the year it was produced, condition, and whether it is a luxury-oriented Yacht-Master or a sporty and purpose-built Yacht-Master II.

Often, many collectors turn to the second-hand market to purchase a Rolex Yacht-Master. Of course, the price is a big factor, but due to the durability and overall build quality, a used Rolex Yacht-Master represents a highly competitive offering. Because these watches are purpose-built to withstand weather and water, they tend to age well even if they have been heavily worn, loved, and used. Another reason that collectors turn to the second-hand market is to get their hands on early models. Since the Yacht-Master has only been around for about 30 years, it is still quite easy to track down some of the early references. This is a great opportunity for collectors who not only love the Yacht-Master as a watch but who also want to make a smart investment for their collection that has great potential to increase in value.

Rolex Yacht-Master References

While the Yacht-Master is one of the newest Rolex models, only first introduced in 1992, the watch has been given a wide variety of upgrades in sizing, alloys, and bezels over the years. Here, this comprehensive list outlines all of the standard-production Yacht-Master references since its initial introduction. This list is also incredibly important as a reference if you are purchasing a Rolex Yacht-Master on the secondary market, as it will serve as a great quick reference for what models have been produced over the years.

Yacht-Master

226659 = 42mm, solid 18k white gold with Cerachrom bezel 16622 = 40mm; Rolesium (stainless steel and platinum) 16628 = 40mm; solid 18k yellow gold 166233 = 40mm; Rolesor (two-tone steel and yellow gold) 116622 = 40mm; Rolesium (stainless steel and platinum) 116621 : 40mm; Rolesor (two-tone steel and Everose gold) 116655 = 40mm; solid 18k Everose gold with Cerachrom bezel 268621 = 37mm; Rolesor (two-tone steel and Everose gold) 268655 : 37mm; solid 18k Everose gold with Cerachrom bezel 268622 : 37mm; Rolesium (stainless steel and platinum) 68623 = 35mm; Rolesor (two-tone steel and yellow gold) 68628 = 35mm; solid 18k yellow gold 168622 = 35mm; Rolesium (stainless steel and platinum) 168623 = 35mm; Rolesor (two-tone steel and yellow gold) 168628 = 35mm; solid 18k yellow gold 169623 = 29mm; Rolesor (two-tone steel and yellow gold) 169628 = 29mm; solid 18k yellow gold 169622 = 29mm; Rolesium (stainless steel and platinum) 69628 = 29mm; solid 18k yellow gold 69623 = 29mm; Rolesor (two-tone steel and yellow gold)

Yacht-Master II

116680 = 44mm; stainless steel with Cerachrom bezel 116689 = 44mm; solid 18k white gold with platinum bezel 116688 = 44mm; solid 18k yellow gold with Cerachrom bezel 116681 = 44mm; Rolesor (two-tone steel and Everose gold) with Cerachrom bezel

Everything You Need To Know About The Rolex Yacht-Master Features & Options

Since the first all-gold Yacht-Master was released in 1992, Rolex has expanded the line with a variety of aesthetic details and mechanical upgrades. Here, we’ll explore the different options available on both the retail and secondary market for the Rolex Yacht-Master collection.

Rolex Yacht-Master materials

Today, Rolex no longer makes yellow gold versions of their standard Yacht-Master model, replacing it with Everose (their proprietary rose gold alloy) and 18k white gold. However, the 42mm version is the only white gold version (which was only just introduced at Baselworld 2019) is the only white gold model, as well as the only 42mm model in the collection. – Yellow Gold (discontinued) – Yellow Rolesor two-tone  (discontinued) – Everose Gold – Everose Rolesor two-tone – White Gold – Rolesium (Oystersteel and platinum)

Rolex Yacht-Master sizes

Rolex has produced this luxury sports watch in a few different sizes to ensure that everyone has a Yacht-Master that fits their wrist perfectly. However, the smaller sized Yacht-Master models, known as the Lady Yacht-Master watches, have been discontinued in favor of the newer 37mm models. Today, women are reaching for more unisex sizes and designs, which could be what lead to the decision by Rolex. But that doesn’t mean women collectors are strapped for choice — as the current retail models are incredibly luxe and sophisticated for enthusiasts of both sexes. Furthermore, the secondary market is a great place to still get your hands on the smaller sized Midsize and Lady Yacht-Master models, and going pre-owned also opens up the doors to now-discontinued models like the solid yellow gold Yacht-Master watches. – 29mm (discontinued) – 35mm (discontinued) – 37mm – 40mm – 42mm

Rolex Yacht-Master bezel

With the Rolex Yacht-Master, the materials and aesthetics of the bezel depend on the material used for the case. With the Yacht-Master, there are bezels that consist of solid 950 platinum or 18k gold with raised, polished numerals. There are also bezels that are matte black Cerachrom ceramic with raised numerals, which are typically only fitted to the various solid 18k gold Yacht Master references. One of the less common and more flashy Yacht-Master bezels is nicknamed the “gummy bear” and it features rainbow-colored sapphires set around the bezel.

Rolex Yacht-Master dial

The dial of the Yacht-Master is quite archetypal of other Rolex sports watches. To ensure the watch is easily readable, the dial layout of the Yacht-Master features Mercedes-style hands, lume-filled hour markers, and a date window over at 3 o’clock. The dial itself is protected by a scratch-resistant sapphire crystal that has a Cyclops magnification lens for easier reading of the date. When it comes to the dial color of the Yacht-Master, there are several colors and materials that have been used over the years, like the beautiful blue dial on the ref. 116622 or the luxe sandblasted platinum dial that can be found on the now-discontinued version of this reference.

Rolex Yacht-Master bracelet

The Rolex Yacht-Master only ever features either an Oyster bracelet or an Oysterflex bracelet. The iconic, three-link bracelet Oyster bracelet is a Rolex staple, and it is featured across nearly the brand’s entire collection — from the Datejust to the Daytona to the Yacht-Master. In 2015, Rolex also introduced the now-famous Oysterflex bracelet on the then-new Everose gold Yacht-Master. This rubber bracelet is far more impressive than it appears at first glance. The rubber strap is actually reinforced by an internal flexible metal blade, making it incredibly durable and sporty, while still having this elevated aesthetic that matches the overall luxury feeling of this timepiece.

Rolex Yacht-Master movement

Depending on the size of the Yacht-Master watch, it will have a different movement to fit the case. Additionally, in 2019, Rolex updated the 40 version of the watch to feature the new-generation Cal. 3235 movement. Below are the sizes Rolex has used in its various Yacht-Master watches over the years.

– 29mm : Caliber 2135; Caliber 2235 – 35mm : Caliber 2135; Caliber 2235 – 37mm : Caliber 2236 – 40mm : Caliber 3135; Caliber 3235 – 42mm : Caliber 3235

Everything You Need To Know About The Rolex Yacht-Master II Features & Options

Below, we’ll outline the different options available on both the retail and pre-owned market for the Rolex Yacht-Master II collection.

Rolex Yacht-Master II materials

In keeping with the inherently luxurious feel of the Yacht-Master line, the Rolex Yacht-Master II is outfitted in some of the world’s finest alloys. Many collectors love this watch for its combination of precious metals and durable stainless steel — what Rolex calls Rolesor. On the Yacht-Master II, there is the Everose Rolesor which is beloved for the warm pink hue of its 18k Everose gold components. Another great combination is the white gold and platinum Yacht-Master II; however, this is obviously a much more opulent choice at represents the top-of-the-line offering in the Yacht-Master II lineup. Of course, there is also a stainless steel option with a blue ceramic bezel for those who just want sheer practicality and durability. Unlike the standard Yacht-Master, you can get this larger, more complicated timepiece outfitted in solid yellow 18k gold if you really want to go all out. – Yellow Gold – Everose Rolesor two-tone – White Gold and platinum – Oystersteel

Rolex Yacht-Master II sizes

There are a lot of features that separate the Rolex Yacht-Master II from the standard Yacht-Master, and the 44mm size is immediately one of the most noticeable. While the Yacht-Master II case is just 2mm larger than the largest Yacht-Master, this extra-large sizing helps this watch house a more complicated dial and movement.

– 44mm

Rolex Yacht-Master II bezel

Another one of the big differentiators with the Yacht-Master II is that large, beautiful bezel. The bidirectional rotatable ‘Ring Command bezel’ on the Yacht-Master II is specifically designed to help the wearer time out a regatta. Unlike most bezels that operate independently from the internal movement, the ‘Ring Command’ bezel on the Yacht-Master II actually works with the watch’s state-of-the-art movement. Rotating the bezel unlocks access to the programmable countdown timer, enabling quick and easy setting for use during competitions. While the design is incredibly complex, the aesthetics are beautifully simple.

When it comes to the look of the bezel itself, the Yacht-Master II does differ from the standard Yacht-Master. While a two-texture timing bezel defines the original model, the real star of the Rolex Yacht-Master II is that bright, beautiful blue Cerachrom bezel. This blue ceramic bezel is featured on the stainless steel, yellow gold and two-tone Everose Rolesor Yacht-Master II watches; however, the white gold models receive their bezels in sandblasted platinum.

Rolex Yacht-Master II dial

The Rolex Yacht-Master II dial layout is stunning, sophisticated, and totally different than any of the other Rolex dials due to its niche complication. On the dial, you will find a variety of features including the countdown display (which can be programmed anywhere from 1 to 10 minutes) that you can read via the red arrow-tipped hand. You will also notice the central flyback/fly-forward chronograph hand, the center hour and minute hands, and the running seconds sub-dial.

The dial of the Rolex Yacht-Master II is also outfitted with 12 lume-filled hour makers for added readability. Today, the most modern references are outfitted with Rolex’s Chromalight display, which is a luminescent material that emits a blue long-lasting glow.

You will also notice a big difference between the dial of the new generation of Yacht-Master II watches and the first generation, which featured baton-style hands that pointed to square hour markers. It was only in 2017 that Rolex decided to marry the style of the Yacht-Master II with the brand’s famous Mercedes-style hands. Rolex also updated the hour markers to feature a triangular hour marker at 12 and a rectangular hour marker at 6, rather than just square-shaped markers all the way around.

Rolex Yacht-Master II bracelet

Unlike the Yacht-Master which has two bracelets, the Rolex Yacht-Master II is only available with an Oyster bracelet. The sporty, durable 3-piece link bracelet is a staple for the brand’s sports watches, which makes it a perfect choice for this professional regatta watch. Rolex has also outfitted this Oyster bracelet with an Oysterlock folding clasp, built specifically to prevent the wearer from losing the watch due to accidental opening. This is a great feature for this model, which is purpose-built to be used during tough racing conditions.

Rolex Yacht-Master II movement

It’s clear that the Rolex Yacht-Master II is an incredible looking timepiece. But, the most impressive part of this watch is by far its movement. When the watch was first released, the Yacht-Master II was outfitted with the brand’s Caliber 4160, with Caliber 4161 making its debut a few years later in 2013.

The Rolex Yacht-Master II features one of the brand’s most complicated in-house movements to date — the self-winding mechanical chronograph, caliber 4160/4161. This movement boasts high-tech features like a countdown timer with both flyback and fly-forward functionality and a mechanical memory with on-the-fly chronograph synchronization, making it incredibly sophisticated. Additionally, the bezel (aka the Ring Command Bezel) is actually connected to the mechanism itself, allowing the wearer to adjust and set the countdown feature quickly and easily on the go. Rolex says it took its engineers some 35,000 hours of development to create this mechanism — and we think it was well worth it. – Ref. 116689 : Caliber 4160; Caliber 4161 – Ref. 116688 : Caliber 4160; Caliber 4161 – Ref. 116681 : Caliber 4160; Caliber 4161 – Ref. 116680 : Caliber 4161

Celebrities Who Wear the Rolex Yacht-Master

It probably doesn’t come as a surprise that one of Rolex’s most bold and luxurious watches is popular among the world’s most famous celebrities. One of the most well-known A-listers to sport the Yacht-Master is Mark Wahlberg, who is already a really big Rolex fan. We’ve seen him out and about in a solid 18k yellow gold Rolex Yacht-Master II, which totally pops against that blue ceramic bezel. Mark has no trouble making a statement with his watches, and that’s clear with this stunning timepiece.

Tennis champion Roger Federer also famously sports the top-of-the-line 18k white gold and platinum Yacht-Master II, while comedian and host Ellen DeGeneres is often spotted wearing her the 18k Everose gold Yacht-Master 40 with a black Cerachrom bezel and a black Oysterflex bracelet. Other celebrities that have been seen wearing the Yacht-Master include the following list of names, although there are many other stars who proudly have a Rolex Yacht-Master in their collections. – Russell Crowe – Lydia Ko – Sir Robin Knox-Johnston – Mark Wahlberg – Bruce Willis – Connor McGregor – Emeril Lagasse – David Beckham – Guy Fieri – Steven Gerrard – A$AP Rocky – Billy Joe Saunders – Flo Rida – Drake – Manny Pacquiao – Ellen DeGeneres – Ed Sheeran

How to Style The Rolex Yacht-Master

The Yacht-Master was an instant classic when it was introduced by Rolex, which means that it is incredibly easy to work it into your wardrobe. What we love so much about this watch collection — whether we’re talking about the Yacht-Master or the Yacht-Master II — is that it has this incredible balance of luxury and sports-oriented performance. Being able to dress this watch both up and down is what makes the Rolex Yacht-Master so much fun to wear. Here are just three classic ways you can wear this watch.

Yacht-Master with Bracelets

Ladies love this watch for its luxe finishing and superior durability. What woman doesn’t want a watch they can wear to drinks, diving, or lounging in the cabana? Because of that, we love pairing a beautiful two-tone Rolex Yacht-Master with bangles and bracelets that match the gold components on the watch. For example, we love the pairing of the 29mm Lady Yacht Master ref. 169623 with a gold Cartier love bracelet bangle and a linked chain. If you’re feeling really bold, you might as well go all out and pair your gold bracelets with a solid, 18k yellow gold Yacht-Master. Fair warning: you’re going to not be able to stop staring at your wrist. Chances are, no one else will be able to either.

Dressing Up With The Matte Black ref. 268655

We love this unisex 37mm timepiece because it works equally well on both men and women’s wrists. What makes this watch so special is the rubber Oysterflex strap watch that allows it to be sporty and durable. Matching that bracelet with the matte black bezel and dial really elevates the entire watch, which looks handsome and luxurious with the warm 18k Everose gold case. So when evening comes, head to the bar for sundowners wearing this ref. 268655. Of course, it will look good with a dark jacket. But, this watch will really pop if you pair it with a warm-colored shirt that accentuates the natural Everose hue. Finish the outfit off with dark wash jeans and you’ve mastered the elegant-meets-accessible look that defines this modern luxury watch.

Casual Elegance with the Yacht Master II

The two-tone Everose Rolesor Yacht-Master II is the ultimate luxury sports watch. You have luxury elements like the ceramic Cerachrom blue bezel and 18k Everose gold alongside durable Oystersteel and one of Rolex’s most complicated mechanisms to date. Because of this watch’s exclusivity, durability, water resistance, and functionality, there really isn’t a better choice for spending time on the high seas. And while this watch was built to time out a regatta, it is going to look just as good on your wrist while you lounge, swim, and play. We suggest pairing your Two-Tone Everose Rolesor’s blue bezel with a matching blue suit. Alternatively, you can pair it with a white and blue pinstripe shirt, rolling up the sleeves and unbuttoning the top few buttons to make your look feel more casual.

Frequently Asked Questions About The Rolex Yacht-Master

What is the difference between the yacht master and the yacht master ii.

The standard Rolex Yacht-Master is a luxury-oriented sport watch that displays the time and date. The Yacht-Master II joined the Rolex lineup in 2007 and offers never before seen functionality thanks to its regatta timer. Powered by the Calibre 4161 — one of the most complicated Rolex movements ever made (second only to the annual calendar found in the Sky-Dweller — the Yacht-Master II has a patented mechanical memory and on-the-fly-synchronization used for the regatta timer. Additionally, the bezel is different on the Yacht-Master II because it controls part of the movement inside the case rather than just working as an external mechanism to help track elapsed time. The Rolex Yacht-Master II also has an entirely different aesthetic and features a larger 44m case with chronograph pushers on either side of the winding crown.

Is a Rolex Yacht Master a good investment?

Yes. The Rolex Yacht-Master is a good investment for collectors for two main reasons. For one, these watches have historically held great value because of their uniqueness and sportiness; however, at the present time, they remain somewhat undervalued compared to their siblings in the Rolex catalog. Consequently, they offer significant potential for appreciation in the future. Secondly, the Rolex Yacht-Master is a luxury watch and is often outfitted in precious metals. These precious metals inherently allow it to hold great value as the years go on, and its premium construction guarantees that it will always be worth something.

What was the Rolex Yacht-Master built to do?

The Rolex Yacht-Master was first created as a luxury sports watch, whereas the Yacht-Master II was built as a professional regatta timer with a luxury flare. Comparatively, the Yacht-Master can time events up to 60 minutes with its rotating bezel and the Yacht-Master II is outfitted with a countdown timer with flyback or fly-forward functionality to use when timing out a regatta race.

How do you use the Yachtmaster II?

While the Yacht-Master II looks quite complicated, Rolex has made sure that using it is actually quite intuitive. After setting the adjustable countdown timer to your desired setting, you start the time. Press the top button to start the countdown timer, then pressing the top button a second time will stop the timer. However, by pressing the bottom button while the chronograph is running, that will adjust the timer forwards or backward to the nearest minute — allowing it to be perfectly synchronized to the official race clock.

How can I spot a fake Rolex Yacht Master?

As with any Rolex watch, the clues are in the details. When it comes to the Yacht-Master, you’re going to want to look at details like the adjustable countdown timer, which is incredibly complicated, making it almost impossible for fake counterfeit watches to replicate. Additionally, Yacht-Master models are luxury sports watches crafted from the world’s best materials and to the highest possible standards. If you notice any defects like dial printing or finishing looks less than perfect, there is a good chance that you are dealing with a fake Rolex Yacht-Master.

About Paul Altieri

Paul Altieri is a vintage and pre-owned Rolex specialist, entrepreneur, and the founder and CEO of BobsWatches.com. - the largest and most trusted name in luxury watches. He is widely considered a pioneer in the industry for bringing transparency and innovation to a once-considered stagnant industry. His experience spans over 35 years and he has been published in numerous publications including Forbes, The NY Times, WatchPro, and Fortune Magazine. Paul is committed to staying up-to-date with the latest research and developments in the watch industry and e-commerce, and regularly engages with other professionals in the industry. He is a member of the IWJG, the AWCI and a graduate of the GIA. Alongside running the premier retailer of pre-owned Rolex watches, Paul is a prominent Rolex watch collector himself amassing one of the largest private collections of rare timepieces. In an interview with the WSJ lifestyle/fashion editor Christina Binkley, Paul opened his vault to display his extensive collection of vintage Rolex Submariners and Daytonas. Paul Altieri is a trusted and recognized authority in the watch industry with a proven track record of expertise, professionalism, and commitment to excellence.

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Rolex Yacht-Master

Rolex Yacht-Master I – Maritime & sporty

Hoist the sails, don the Rolex Yacht-Master I, and let the regatta begin. This elegant watch attracts both men and women with style and the timeless design. It is the prized companion for both days on deck and nights on the harbour. At CHRONEXT, you can buy a wide range of Yacht-Master I models – for great prices and available for immediate delivery!

A sophisticated timepiece

The legendary Rolex Yacht-Master further strengthens the bond between the Swiss manufacturer and the world of sailing - a connection that has been going strong for decades.

Not only does Rolex sponsor numerous international regattas, the company has its own competition: the prestigious Maxi Yacht Rolex Cup. Resisting wind and weather, the Yacht-Master I offers waterproofness up to 100 metres, ensuring that it is the perfect companion for yacht cruises.

But the predecessor of the larger Yacht-Master II is not only ideal for stormy weather - the watch also exudes a sense of elegance, delegating it as the perfect accessory for a relaxed evening at the yacht club. The Yacht-Master models that include a blue watch face bring forth the essence of the sea and sailing. The model is also available with a platinum dial, reflecting the elegance that characterizes the collection for both men and women alike.

The luxurious world of the Rolex Yacht-Master

The Rolex Yacht-Master (Ref. 16628) was presented in 1992 as a member of the Oyster Perpetual family. Its similarities to the classic Submariner are abundant, but the resemblance between the two models end when it comes to the price: initially, the Yacht-Master was exclusively produced with a gold case, which accounts for the higher costs.

Contrary to the Submariner’s adaption to adventures under the sea, the Rolex Yacht-Master (Ref. 116622), with its bright blue dial or mother-of-pearl watch face, is made for life on the water as well as on land. Its bi-directional rotatable bezel allows for exact timekeeping on the high seas. Only high-quality materials are used in the production of this elegant watch: 18 carat yellow gold or 950 platinum. Excellent quality is characteristic of the Yacht-Master: A scratch-proof sapphire crystal, a Cyclops lens, the uniquely innovative Oyster case, and the unrivalled Parachrom hairspring are just some of the outstanding features that make this Rolex watch a true masterpiece.

Sports and luxury - united in the Rolex Yacht-Master I

There is only one Oyster Professional watch that can be purchased in two sizes: the Rolex Yacht-Master. The 40mm model is equipped with the self-winding Rolex calibre 3135 while the smaller 35mm model offers the mechanical Rolex calibre 2235. The production and manufacturing of both calibres are conducted entirely by Rolex and the movements are certified by the Official Swiss Chronometer Testing Institute (COSC).

Another technological feature of the Rolex Yacht-Master I is the blue Parachrom hairspring. Following years of research, Rolex introduced the blue Parachrom hairspring, which is finer than a human hair. Manufactured from a highly stable paramagnetic alloy, the Parachrom hairspring resists magnetic fields and is ten times less sensitive to shocks as compared to conventional oscillator hairsprings. All these innovative features are protected by a waterproof Oyster case whose name stems from the mollusc that can clamp its shell shut, unlike any other living creature. The Oyster case is screwed shut and can thus offer different degrees of water-resistance. The Oyster bracelet is an exceptionally robust innovation that combines elegance and function with a sensationally comfortable fit. Beginning its success story in the late 1930s, the flat metal bracelet with its three-piece links has become one of the most popular Rolex bracelets, thanks to a comfortable fit and unsurpassed durability.

Only the best materials for the Rolex Yacht-Master

After the development of the Rolex Yacht-Master prototype in the 1960s, the world eagerly awaited an additional 30 years for the introduction of the first Rolex Yacht-Master (Ref. 16628) in 1992. While the first model, manufactured from 18 carat gold with a white dial, measured 40 millimetres in diameter, the smaller Yacht-Master that launched in 1994 was available with a case diameter of 35 millimetres (68628), as well as a case measuring 29 millimetres (16622).

In the year 1999, Rolex amazed with a new, modern twist on the Yacht-Master by producing the watch in an extravagant mix of stainless steel and platinum. Since then, Rolex has coined the well-known term “Rolesium”, which stands for the combination of platinum and 904L steel. Six years following the presentation in 1999, another model of the Yacht-Master (Ref. 16623) hit the market: the new Rolex watch surprised with a Rolesor-case, famous for its combination of gold and stainless steel. Thus, the Yacht-Master collection of both used and new wristwatches offers an incredible choice of case sizes, materials, and dial colours, making the Yacht-Master a noteworthy and exceptional Rolex watch. Yacht-Masters are produced for both men and women as they brighten every wrist and exude elegant sophistication.

Luxurious and Exhilarating

The Rolex-Yacht master is a watch made for adventurers of the seven seas. Captivating knowledgeable explorers, experienced sailors, and festive yacht owners, the Rolex Yacht-Master collection offers wristwatches for every occasion and impresses with various different and outstanding watches for both men and women.

While men tend to favour bigger Yacht-Master models with a 40-millimeter case, women may prefer the model that measures a slightly smaller 35 millimeters. These models include the white dial Yacht-Master manufactured from stainless steel and platinum (Ref. 168622), and the gold watch dial fashioned from stainless steel and yellow gold (Ref. 168623)

The men’s watches from the Rolex Yacht-Master collection are equipped with a blue or white dial and their materials range from a combination of stainless steel and platinum (Ref. 116622) to a mix of stainless steel and yellow gold (Ref. 16623). The use of high-quality materials such as gold and platinum explain the higher prices for a Rolex Yacht-Master and allow for a sensible financial investment. For those looking for more reasonably priced watches, the purchase of a Yacht-Master on the second-hand market might be an appealing alternative.

An additional bonus is the fact that vintage watches, whose timelessness is undeniable, tend to reveal exciting stories about their past.

Your model selection at CHRONEXT

• Rolex Yacht-Master 37
• Rolex Yacht-Master 40
• Rolex Yacht-Master 42
• Rolex Yacht-Master in platinum

Sell Rolex Yacht-Master I watches at CHRONEXT

Perhaps, rather than looking to buy, you have a Rolex Yacht-Master I for sale – CHRONEXT is the place for you! Our dedicated team offers a comprehensive service based on years of experience in the watch sector. To obtain offers, simply fill out our online form or contact our experts by phone or email or via live chat. We would be happy to advise you and help you find the best possible deal.

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Rolex pricing (price list and evolution)

Table of Contents

Introduction

The Rolex pricing is among watch enthusiasts’ most popular and debated topics. It comes standard each time the brand consistently updates its product portfolio, yet, Rolex usually increases its entire price list in the first and second half of the year.

In the last two years, the brand’s price list didn’t change due to the pandemic until the start of 2022, when Rolex increased the price list throughout its offering and added new products at the end of March.

With the beginning of 2023, Rolex has once again updated its price list. Please find below the Rolex price list updated to 1 January 2023 concerning the professional models, the most desired Rolex watches by far.

As 2024 kicks off, Rolex has updated its price lists again.

Let’s take a look at the Rolex 2024 prices by collection and reference; we’ll finalize the analysis by detailing the Rolex price increase from 2021 to 2024 (as of January).

The Rolex pricing evolution 2022 to 2024.

The 2022 new Rolex pricing was mainly affected by the following factors:

• a comprehensive price increase (across all luxury brands, too) at the beginning of the year,
• New models’ or simple updates led to a further rise in the price list , generating a combined effect.
• A further price increase came into effect on November 1, 2022.

January 2023: the Rolex price list has a new increase

In January 2023 , Rolex made a further price increase, raising the average list price of the models listed here by nearly 3,0% , with the most significant increase expected on the 41 and 36-mm Oyster Perpetual and the Sea-Dweller in Rolesor.

Rolex increases its price list at the beginning of 2024

Here is the 2024 Rolex price list and the comparison with its 2023 one (2024 prices are in italics). Consider that the new Rolex 2024 price list is already in force, as you can check via the brand’s official website.

Oyster Perpetual 2023

• Oyster Perpetual 41mm ref. 124300: 6.450 €
• Oyster Perpetual 36mm ref. 126000: 6.150 €

Oyster Perpetual 2024

• Oyster Perpetual 41mm ref. 124300: 6.650 €
• Oyster Perpetual 36mm ref. 126000: 6.350 €

Explorer 2023

• Explorer I ref. 124270: 7.300 €
• Explorer I ref. 124273: 11.850 €
• Explorer II ref. 226570: 9.750 €

Explorer 2024

• Explorer I ref. 124270: 7.500 €
• Explorer I ref. 124273: 12.400 €
• Explorer II ref. 226570: 10.100 €
• Nuovo Explorer 40 ref. 224270: 7.950€

Submariner 2023

• Submariner ref. 124060: 9.150 €
• Submariner Date ref. 126610LN: 10.350 €
• Submariner ref. 126610LV: 10.850 €

Submariner 2024

• Submariner ref. 124060: 9.550 €
• Submariner Date ref. 126610LN: 10.750 €
• Submariner ref. 126610LV: 11.300 €

GMT-Master II 2023

• GMT-Master II ref.126710BLRO Jubilee: 10.950 €
• GMT-Master II ref.126710BLRO Oyster: 10.750 €
• GMT-Master II ref. 126710BLNR Jubilee: 10.950 €
• GMT-Master II ref. 126710BLNR Oyster: 10.750 €

GMT-Master II 2024

• GMT-Master II ref.126710BLRO Jubilee: 11.200 €
• GMT-Master II ref.126710BLRO Oyster: 11.400 €
• GMT-Master II ref. 126710BLNR Jubilee: 11.200 €
• GMT-Master II ref. 126710BLNR Oyster: 111.400 €
• GMT-Master II ref. 126713GRNR Jubilee: 17.400€
• GMT-Master II ref. 126718GRNR Jubilee: 40.700€

Daytona 2023

• Daytona ref. 126500LN: 15.200 €
• Daytona ref. 126515LN: 32.350 €
• Daytona ref. 126518LN: 30.850 €
• Daytona ref. 126519LN: 34.350 €
• Daytona ref. 126505: 42.700 €
• Daytona ref. 126506: su richiesta

Daytona 2024

• Daytona ref. 126509: 42.700 €
• Daytona ref. 126500LN: 15.850 €
• Daytona ref. 126515LN: 33.600 €
• Daytona ref. 126519LN: 33.600 €
• Daytona ref. 126505: 44.500 €
• Daytona ref. 126506: 79.900€
• Daytona ref. 126509: 44.500 €

Sky–Dweller 2023

• Sky-Dweller ref. 336934 Oyster: 15.800 €
• Sky-Dweller ref. 336934 Jubilee: 16.000 €
• Sky-Dweller ref. 336238: 41.450 €
• Sky-Dweller ref. 336235: 42.950 €

Sky–Dweller 2024

• Sky-Dweller ref. 336934 Oyster: 16.400 €
• Sky-Dweller ref. 336934 Jubilee: 16.600 €
• Sky-Dweller ref. 336238: 43.100 €
• Sky-Dweller ref. 326235: 44.700 €

Yacht-Master 2023

• Yacht-Master 40 Ref. 126622: 12.400 €
• Yacht-Master 40 Ref. 126655: 29.050 €
• Yacht-Master 42 Ref. 226627 RLX Titanium: 14.150 €

Yacht-Master 2024

• Yacht-Master 40 Ref. 126622: 12.650 €
• Yacht-Master 40 Ref. 126655: 30.200 €
• Yacht-Master 42 226627 RLX Titanium: 14.750 €

Sea-Dweller 2023

• Sea-Dweller Ref. 126600: 13.350 €
• Sea-Dweller Ref. 126603: 18.150 €

Sea-Dweller 2024

• Sea-Dweller Ref. 126600: 13.900 €
• Sea-Dweller Ref. 126603: 19.000 €

Deepsea 2023

• Deepsea Ref. 136660: 14.300 €
• Deepsea Ref. 136660 Blue: 14.620 €
• Deepsea Challenge Titanio RLX Ref. 126067: 26.200 €

Deepsea 2024

• Deepsea Ref. 136660: 14.850 €
• Deepsea Ref. 136660 Blue: 15.170 €
• Deepsea Challenge Titanio RLX Ref. 126067: 26.700 €

Rolex price list differences between 2024 and 2023

The price list has increased yearly by 4% on average, with some peaks explained in the following paragraphs.

Oyster Perpetual: a steady price increase

The Oyster Perpetual is one of the brand’s most iconic Rolex models . It did not undergo significant price changes at the beginning of 2022 but increased further in November 2022 and January 2023, and in January 2024, it experienced another widespread increase.

The Oyster Perpetual collection

Despite the new Submariner holding the headline news in 2021, the Oyster Perpetual collection has undergone a revamp and, most importantly, a new 41mm lineup has replaced the now-phased-out 39mm one .

Let’s begin with introducing the two new 41mm references: the former is the reference 124300 with a silver dial ; the latter is the reference 124300 with a black dial . Both models showcase a sunray finish.

They showcase 18-karat gold indexes and hands in yellow or white gold, respectively. I’m not fond of the new case size that much, honestly, and I’m not praising Rolex for phasing out such a sleek timepiece like the Rolex Oyster Perpetual 39mm reference 114300. Yes, the Rolex Oyster Perpetual 39 has been discontinued . However, let’s hope to get our hands on the new watches to give our final verdict.

The major esthetic changes

However, from an aesthetic standpoint , the new dial doesn’t look as clean as an Oyster Perpetual 39’s; the double index applied at three, six, and nine makes the new 41mm model look chunky. It tends to make this Oyster’s dial look like a kind of Datejust 41.

Conversely, the new Chromalight-filled indexes overcome one of the old Oyster Perpetual 39’s weak points: poor readability in the dark. Let’s expect the current Oyster Perpetual 39 in stock to increase its value on both the new and used Rolex market.

The evergreen Oyster Perpetual 36 126000 now offers new and stronger-than-ever colour options . It keeps playing with colourful dial options, with the phased-out Grape or Green dials standing out in the past. Please welcome new colour palettes, more vivid than ever before, and confirm the 36mm option is the unisex, small-wrist oriented Oyster.

Why has the Rolex pricing of such a classic model grown so much ? As with most Rolex watches, the gap between supply and market demand has quickly resulted in product shortages of most professional Rolex watches, thus pushing fans to register their interest for timepieces once available at their nearest Rolex AD network. Let’s keep in mind that the time interval under the loupe has seen the most significant gap between product offering and demand, in recent times, for Rolex.

Oyster Perpetual 41mm – Ref. 124300

• Retail price 2021: € 5,600
• Retail Price 2022 Jan-Oct: € 5,850 (+ 4.4%)
• Delta Retail Price 2022: € 6.100 (+4,3%)
• Retail Price Jan 2023: 6.450 € (+5,7%)
• Delta Retail Price January 2024: 6.650 € (+3,1 %)

Price Increase 2021-2024: 17.5 percentage points .

Oyster Perpetual 36mm – Ref. 126000

• Retail price 2021: € 5,300
• Retail Price 2022 Jan-Oct: € 5,600 (+ 5.7%)
• Retail Price end of 2022: € 5,800  (+3,6%)
• Retail Price Jan 2023: 6.150 € (+6,0%)
• Delta Retail Price January 2024: 6.350 € (+3,3%)

Price Increase 2021-2024: 18.6 percentage points .

The collection includes references with 34mm, 31mm, and 28mm case diameters we won’t consider.

Explorer: a significant price increase on the 40 mm model

The Rolex watch designed to explore the world under the harshest weather conditions is undoubtedly the Explorer , tested by scientists and adventurers worldwide.

However, this collection unexpectedly faced one of its highest increases despite preserving an attractive retail price.

The Rolex Explorer collection

Against all expectations, Rolex has slightly redesigned Explorer I and its bigger brother . The Rolex Explorer slims down by three millimetres in case width (39 to 36), thus paying homage to the original 1953 model.

Furthermore – here is perhaps the most significant piece of news – Rolex has released their first Rolesor Explorer joining the classic Oystersteel model. The black lacquered dial preserves the mixed Arabic numerals and baton indexes layout while adding several upgrades.

Rolex has announced that the new collection adopts next-gen Chromalight , capable of ensuring better lume performance in either appearance and long-lasting effect than the outgoing Explorer. The latest-gen Rolex Explorer’s size pays homage to the reference 114270 .

From a technical standpoint, it now houses the state-of-the-art calibre 3230, whose power reserve grows from 48 to 70 hours.

The Rolex Explorer 2

You won’t find any ceramic bezel, as most experts have rumoured. The new Rolex Explorer II 226570 has changed, but not as radically as you might have expected . All in all, an additional ceramic inlay would affect the core collection’s identity, and we’re all aware that Rolex barely redesigns any new watch from the ground up, especially regarding professional high-volume products, as rooted as they are in history.

The case comes with a circular surface satin finish providing a different touch and feel, whereas a significant design upgrade is that the bracelet gains one millimetre in width as opposed to the now-old Rolex Explorer 2.

Look at the bezel ring’s width; it looks larger but it is not as wide as the pictures suggest . The different feel comes from a tapered design mimicking a Daytona’s conical graduated bezel, thus making the Explorer II bolder and more masculine than the prior model.

In contrast, I would have gone for a less-than-42-mm size, whereas the new one looks and feels bigger instead. Most importantly, the Rolex Explorer II 226570, like the base Explorer, now comes standard with upgraded calibre ; please (finally) welcome the Rolex calibre 3285 found anywhere on all the Rolex GMT models.

Explorer 40 – Ref. 224270

• First retail price: 7.300 €
• Delta Retail Price January 2024: 7.950 € (+8,9%)

Explorer I – Ref. 124270

• Retail price 2021: € 6,100
• Retail Price 2022 Jan-Oct: € 6,850 (+ 12.2%)
• Retail Price end of 2022: € 7,150 (+4,4%)
• Retail Price Jan 2023: 7.300 € (+2,1%)
• Delta Retail Price January 2024: 7.5o0 € (+2,7%)

Price Increase 2021-2024: 21.4 percentage points .

Explorer I – Ref. 124273

• Retail price 2021: € 10,350
• Retail Price 2022 Jan-Oct: € 10,700 (+ 3.5%)
• Retail Price end of 2022: € 11,150 (+4,2%)
• Retail Price Jan 2023: 11.850 € (+6,3%)
• Delta Retail Price January 2024: 12.400 € (+4,6%)

Explorer II – Ref. 226570

• Retail price 2021: € 8,150
• Retail Price 2022 Jan-Oct: € 9,050 (+ 11.0%)
• Retail Price end of 2022: 9,500 € (+5,0%)
• Retail Price Jan 2023: 9.750 € (+2,6%)
• Delta Retail Price January 2024: 10.100 € (+3,6%)

Price Increase 2021-2024: 22.2 percentage points .

Would you like to know more? Please read our review of the new Rolex Explorer .

Day-Date: a relevant price increase in 2024

Introduced in 1956, the Day-Date was the first model to display the date and day of the week .

From a price increase perspective, the Rolex pricing has grown from € 37,600 to € 38,600 on the most luxurious gold models , marking a + 2.6% growth on both Ref. 228239 and Ref. 228235. Their retail price has increased to € 40,500 .

In January 2024, the two references grew to €43,600 (+7.7%). The two models’ overall increase totals 15.4 percentage points .

Submariner: a 3.9% to 4.4% price increase in 2024

The Submariner is the luxury “diver’s watch” par excellence, geared towards diving professionals and “amateur divers”. We’ll here exclusively refer to the references in Oyster Steel.

The Rolex Submariner collection

The new Rolex Submariner is leading the Rolex proposal and has among the most extended product life cycles; the latest generation appeared in 2020.

New Vs. Old Submariner

Let’s try and identify them via the pictures released:

• the case grows from the current 40mm to 41mm
• the case wears thinner than before , and the lugs are less squared and sleeker
• the rotating bezel has different grooves (while hopefully preserving the same top-notch detenting)
• the Rolex Hulk and Rolex Smurf were replaced by the 2020 Rolex Kermit and Smurf

A new calibre

• the Rolex calibre 3235 is replacing the now-obsolete Rolex 3135 (Sub Date)
• the dial showcases the Rolex logo amidst the Swiss Made wording placed at six

Here is a group photo including some of the new references, like the new Rolex 124060, the Rolex 126610LV, the Rolex 126613 LB in Rolesor and, last but not least, the Rolex 126619 LB.

There is also the Submariner Date with black dial reference 126610LN and an additional variant in Rolesor (Oystersteel and yellow gold) with a Royal Blue dial. Finally, the catalogue includes two options in Full Gold (yellow gold, let me remind you that a Submariner never comes with Everose rose gold case and bracelet).

The Rolex pricing on this collection underwent a general increase from 2021 to 2022, totalling +10% approximately . The market request for the Submariner is high, explaining why the Price has grown so much.

Submariner Ref. 124060

• Retail price 2021: € 7,750
• Retail Price 2022 Jan-Oct: € 8,550 (+ 10.3%)
• Retail Price end of 2022: € 8,950 (+4,7%)
• Retail Price Jan 2023: 9.150 € (+2,2%)
• Delta Retail Price January 2024: 9.550 € (+4,4%)

Price Increase 2021-2024: 21.6 percentage points .

Submariner Date Ref. 126610LN

• Retail price 2021: € 8,750
• Retail Price 2022 Jan-Oct: € 9,650 (+ 10.3%)
• Retail Price end of 2022: € 10,100 (+4,7%)
• Retail Price Jan 2023: 10.350 € (+2,5%)
• Delta Retail Price January 2024: 10.750 € (+3,9%)

Submariner Ref. 126610LV

• Retail price 2021: € 9,150
• Retail Price 2022 Jan-Oct: € 10,150 (10.9%)
• Retail Price end of 2022: 10,650 € (+4,9%)
• Retail Price Jan 2023: 10.850 € (+1,9%)
• Delta Retail Price January 2024: 11.300 € (+4,1%)

Price Increase 2021-2024: 21.8 percentage points .

We have reviewed, from the new collection, the Rolex Submariner in white gold .

Daytona: price increase is over 4%

The Daytona, designed initially to time professional car races, still is a Rolex reference product whose appeal stands the test of time. The collection marks a price increase as well but shows off different behaviours:

• a relevant price increase on the steel models,
• a slighter increase on gold references, whose starting price is three times higher than before.

A Rolex Daytona keeps being the most wanted luxury chronograph . It takes a lot of patience and dedication to get one and many years on a waiting list if you’re willing to get your hands on a steel and ceramic Daytona. Over the past three years, the full-gold Daytona references have become as desirable as their steel siblings, and their quotations on the grey market skyrocketed.

If you want to learn more about this iconic timepiece, head to our article regarding the history of the Rolex Daytona .

Daytona Ref. 126500LN

• Price 2023: 15.200 €
• Price 2024: 15.850 € (+4,3%)

Daytona Ref. 126515LN

• Price 2023: 32.350 €
• Price 2024: 33.600 € (+3,9%)

Daytona Ref. 126518LN

• Price 2023: 30.850 €
• Price 2024: 30.850 € (=)

Daytona Ref. 126519LN

• Price 2023: 34.350 €
• Price 2024: 33.600 € (tbv)

Daytona Ref. 126505

• Price 2023: 42.700 €
• Price 2024: 44.500 €  (+4,2%)

Daytona Ref. 126509

• Price 2024: 44.500 € (+4,2%)

You will notice a decrease in the listed price on the reference 126519LN; we are checking our information regarding the latest 2023 price list.

Old generation Daytona

Daytona ref. 116500ln.

• Retail price 2021: 12.600 €
• Retail price 2022 Jan-Oct: 13.900 € (+10,3%)
• Retail price end of 2022: 14.600 € (+5,0%)
• Retail price Jan 2023: 14.900 € (+2,0%)

Daytona Ref. 116515LN

• Retail price originale 2021: 28.550 €
• Retail price 2022 Jan-Oct: 29.250 € (+2,5%)
• Retail price end of 2022: 30.750 € (+5,1%)
• Retail price Jan 2023: 31.650 € (+2,9%)

Daytona Ref. 116518LN

• Retail price 2021: 27.250 €
• Retail price 2022 Jan-Oct: 27.950 € (+2,5%)
• Retail price end of 2022: 29.300 € (+4,8%)
• Retail price Jan 2023: 30.250 € (+3,2%)

Daytona Ref. 116519LN

• Retail price 2021: 28.450 €
• Retail price 2022 Jan-Oct: 29.250 € (+2,8%)

Daytona Ref. 116505

• Retail price 2021: 37.100 €
• Retail price 2022 Jan-Oct: 38.700 € (+4,4%)
• Retail price end of 2022: 40.600 € (+4,9%)
• Retail price Jan 2023: 41.900 € (+3,2%)

Daytona Ref. 116506

• Retail price 2021: 72.600 €
• Retail price 2022 Jan-Oct: 74.500 € (+2,6%)
• Retail price fine 2022: ND

Daytona Ref. 116509

• Retail price 2022 Jan-Oct: 38.700 € (+4,3%)

GMT Master II: a 4% price increase on steel models

Here is the most wanted GMT watch ever . The Rolex GMT is available with a Jubilee or an Oyster bracelet and a two-tone bezel in the iconic blue and red Pepsi combo or blue and black.

Both product references had the same retail Price, with the Ref. 126710 Oyster jumping from € 9,050 to break the 10k threshold and stop at € 10,050. The same goes with the Ref. 126710 Jubilee, now costing € 10,250 instead of € 9,250 as of 2021.

GMT-Master II ref. 126710BLRO and 126710BLNR Jubilee

• Retail price 2021: € 9,250
• Retail Price 2022 Jan-Oct: € 10,250 (+ 10.8%)
• Retail Price end of 2022: € 10,750 (+4,9%)
• Retail Price Jan 2023: 10.950 € (+1,9%)
• Delta Retail Price January 2024: 11.400 € (+4,1%)

Price Increase 2021-2024: 21.7 percentage points .

GMT-Master II ref. 126710BLRO and 126710BLNR Oyster

• Retail price 2021: € 9,050
• Retail Price 2022 Jan-Oct: € 10,050 (+ 11.0%)
• Retail Price end of 2022: € 10,550 (+5,0%)
• Retail Price Jan 2023: 10.750 € (+1,9%)
• Delta Retail Price January 2024: 11.200 € (+4,2%)

Price Increase 2021-2024: 22.1 percentage points .

Check out our review of the Rolex Batman .

Sky-Dweller: limited price increase in 2024 for the Rolex complicated model

The complicated Rolex par excellence is among the most clever watches on the market , and Rolex keeps upgrading the collection by adding new variants and improving comfort, considering the size of the case (the thickness, especially).

Among the latest novelties were the new Sky-Dweller 326238 and 326235 , equipped with the Oysterflex bracelet for the first time . The watch has the disadvantage of having a relatively large case which has always penalized it compared to the more popular sports Oyster Perpetuals, precisely in terms of comfort.

With the launch of this new option, the Sky-Dweller is equally sportier and more comfortable, and I believe it’ll soon broaden its audience.

If you own a Rolex Daytona on Oysterflex or a Yacht–Master 40, you know that the Rolex patented rubber strap is super smooth yet robust . Its flexibility is top-notch, thanks to the adoption of titanium and nickel-made blades inside each half. The Oysterflex combines a metal bracelet’s performance with the best quality and ease of use with a rubber strap.

Finally, the Oysterflex makes the Gold Sky–Dweller lighter and perfect during the summer season . It comes with 18-carat Gold Oysterclasp and Glidelock extension systems. Specifically, the new Rolex Sky-Dweller 326238 in yellow gold also debuts a unique black dial with a sunray finish and is priced at 38,350 Euros at launch. Like every new 2020 Oyster Perpetual, the former is one of the new options available. Please jump to Francesco Falcone’s article to learn more about Rolex Sky-Dweller Oysterflex’s specs and options.

Above all, Oysterflex contributes to lowering the weight of the gold Rolex Sky-Dweller. Coupled with the strap is the Oysterclasp in 18K yellow gold.

Sky-Dweller 326934/336934 Oyster

• Retail price 2021: 14.200 €
• Retail Price 2022 Jan-Oct: 14.600 € (+2,8%)
• Retail Price end of 2022: 15.300 € (+4,8%)
• Retail Price Jan 2023: 15.800 € (+3,3%)
• Delta Retail Price January 2024: 16.400 € (+3,8%)

Price Increase 2021-2024: 14.7 percentage points .

Sky-Dweller 326934/336934 Jubilee

• Retail price 2021: 14.400 €
• Retail Price 2022 Jan-Oct: 14.800 € (+2,8%)
• Retail Price end of 2022: 15.500 € (+4,7%)
• Retail Price Jan 2023: 16.000 € (+3,2%)
• Delta prezzo gennaio 2024: 16.600 € (+3,8%)

Price Increase 2021-2024: 14.5 percentage points .

Sky-Dweller 326238/336238

• Retail price 2021: 38.350 €
• Retail Price 2022 Jan-Oct:  –
• Retail Price end of 2022: 40.200 € (+4,8%)
• Retail Price Jan 2023: 41.450 € (+3,1%)
• Delta Retail Price January 2024: 43.100 € (+4,0%)

Price Increase 2021-2024: 11.9 percentage points .

Sky-Dweller 326235/336235

• Retail price 2021: 39.750 €
• Retail Price end of 2022: 41.750 € (+5,0%)
• Retail Price Jan 2023: 42.950 € (+2,9%)
• Delta Retail Price January 2024: 44.700 € (+4,1%)

Price Increase 2021-2024: 12.0 percentage points .

Discover our review of the Rolex Sky-Dweller in steel and gold .

Yacht-Master 40: the increase regards Rolesor and Titanium models

The collection faced a limited price increase on the Rolesor reference and higher on the gold options .

Yacht-Master 40 Ref. 126622

• Retail price 2021: € 11,450
• Retail Price 2022 Jan-Oct: € 11,750 (+ 2.6%)
• Retail Price end of 2022: € 12,300 (+4,7%)
• Retail Price Jan 2023: 12.400 € (+0,8%)
• Delta Retail Price January 2024: 12.650 € (+2,0%)

Price Increase 2021-2024: 10.1 percentage points .

Yacht-Master 40 Ref. 126655

• Retail price 2021: € 26,150
• Retail Price 2022 Jan-Oct: € 27,850 (+ 6.5%)
• Retail Price end of 2022: € 28,150 (+1,1%)
• Retail Price Jan 2023: 29.050 € (+3,2%)
• Delta Retail Price January 2024: 30.200 € (+4,0%)

Price Increase 2021-2024: 14.8 percentage points .

Yacht-Master 42 RLX Titanium Ref. 226627

• Retail price 2023: 14.150 €
• Delta Retail Price January 2024: 14.750 € (+4,2%)

You can read our review of the Rolex Yacht-Master 40 here .

Sea-Dweller: a 4% plus price increase in 2024

The Sea-Dweller has undergone a consistent price increase .

Rolex Sea-Dweller Ref. 126600

• Retail price 2021: € 11,150
• Retail Price 2022 Jan-Oct: € 12,350 (+ 10.8%)
• Retail Price end of 2022: € 12,950 (+4,9%)
• Retail Price Jan 2023: 13.350 € (+3,1%)
• Delta Retail Price January 2024: 13.900 € (+4,1%)

Price Increase 2021-2024: 22.9 percentage points .

Rolex Sea-Dweller Ref. 126603

• Retail price 2021: € 14,950
• Retail Price 2022 Jan-Oct: € 16,300 (+ 9.0%)
• Retail Price end of 2022:€ 17,050 (+4,6%)
• Retail Price Jan 2023: 18.150 € (+6,5%)
• Delta Retail Price January 2024: 19.000 € (+4,7%)

Price Increase 2021-2024: 24.8 percentage points .

Please read our full review of the Rolex Sea-Dweller .

Deepsea: less than a 4% price increase in 2024

Here comes a slight price increase.

Rolex Deepsea Ref. 126660

• Retail price 2021: € 12,050
• Retail Price 2022 Jan-Oct: € 13,250 (+ 10.0%)
• Retail Price end of 2022: € 13,900 (+4,9%)
• Retail Price Jan 2023: 14.300 € (+2,9%) – [Ref. 136660]
• Delta Retail Price January 2024: 14.850 € (+3,8%)

Rolex Deepsea Ref. 126660 Blue

• Retail price 2021: € 12,350
• Retail Price 2022 Jan-Oct: € 13,550 (+ 9.7%)
• Retail Price end of 2022: € 14,250 (+5,2%)
• Retail Price Jan 2023: 14.620 € (+2,6%) – [Ref. 136660 Blue]
• Delta Retail Price January 2024: 15.170 € (+3,8%)

Price Increase 2021-2024: 21.3 percentage points .

Check out the Deepsea in our review .

The new Rolex Deepsea Challenge Titanium RLX 126067

Ten years after the experiment that saw James Cameron deep dive the Rolex Deepsea Challenge prototype eleven thousand meters down in the Mariana Trench (10,908 meters), Rolex entitled the famous director and producer to unveil the commercial edition of that timepiece finally: please welcome the new Rolex Deepsea Challenge Titanium RLX 126067 .

A giant of the seas

The new watch, measuring a whopping 50 mm in diameter, marks the debut of Rolex’s first-ever professional watch in titanium. The brand patented it as “Titanium RLX”, a grade 5 titanium alloy combining a brushed finish to some luxurious touches like the mirror polish on either lugs’ edges, crown protectors, and crown.

Here is Rolex’s answer to Omega’s Ultra Deep, and they are the only premium watches to belong to the 11,000-meter water-resistant diving watches’ club.

The Rolex ultra-professional model has slightly increased its price tag by €100 . The 2024 retail price is 26.700 € .

Milgauss: slight price increase

The Milgauss is one of the most recognizable and long-established Rolex models , thanks to its unique style, which includes a green sapphire crystal. Despite being unchanged for several years, this historical collection saw its retail price jump 10%+ over 2021 RRP .

We have thoroughly reviewed this collection, and you can read our review of the Milgauss here .

Milgauss (two variants reference 116400GV)

• Retail price 2021: € 7,950
• Retail Price 2022 Jan-Oct: € 8,750 (+ 10%)
• Retail Price end of 2022: € 9,200 (+5,1%)
• Retail Price Jan 2023: 9.400 € (+2,2%)

The above price is the last known price of the Milgauss. With the launch of the new 2023 models, the Rolex Milgauss was officially discontinued . We therefore leave this section to provide some historical data, waiting for a new model which we hope might return in 2024 .

The reasons behind the Rolex price list’s increase

Now that we have scrutinized the new prices let’s return to the opening question. What triggered the Rolex pricing increase?

The watch industry wasn’t the only luxury business to face such increases. While the premium luxury business is somewhat different from anything else, let’s try and list some key factors.

The wake of the pandemic: how the stop of production affected the watch market

By closing all the industrial activities in the previous two years, the retail industry suffered a product shortage which drove a further price increase. With the product demand being strong and even more sustained when it comes to Rolex, a lowered product supply has further increased the gap between product availability and demand.

The demand for Rolex watches never plummeted

Companies stopped producing non-essential goods, yet this didn’t stop fans from purchasing luxury watches and Rolex watches.

Several studies prove that luxury consumer product purchases increased thanks to the steady lockdown and online sales boom.

Raw materials price increase

Another not negligible factor concerns raw materials, whose quotations have grown throughout, on less precious metals like steel as on more precious ones such as gold which, as far as Rolex is concerned, holds a relevant part in the product mix.

For additional information, please visit the official Rolex website .

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Rolex Yacht-Master Marine character

Launched in 1992, the Yacht-Master was designed specifically for navigators and skippers. This Professional-category watch provides a perfect blend of functionality and nautical style, making it equally at home on and off the water.

The Oyster Perpetual Yacht-Master embodies the privileged ties between Rolex and the world of sailing that stretch back to the 1950s. Specially designed to meet the needs of sailors, it is a technical, elegant and sporty watch that is above all a useful and reliable nautical instrument.

An immediately recognizable bezel

The Yacht-Master is easily recognizable for its bidirectional rotatable 60-minute graduated bezel made entirely from precious metal (Everose gold or platinum) or fitted with a black Cerachrom insert in high-technology ceramic. The raised polished graduations and numerals stand out clearly against a matt background. This characteristic and functional bezel – which enables the wearer to read time intervals, for example, the sailing time between two buoys – plays a full part in creating the unique visual identity of the watch.

Exclusive materials

Robust, accurate and perfectly waterproof, the Yacht-Master is one of the only Rolex Professional watches offered in several diameters (37, 40 and 42 mm).

The Yacht-Master 37 and Yacht-Master 40 are available in a Rolesium version (combining Oystersteel and platinum, exclusive to the Yacht-Master range) and in an Everose Rolesor version (combining Oystersteel and Everose gold) with a bezel in precious metal and fitted with an Oyster bracelet. Both models are also offered in 18 ct Everose gold featuring a Cerachrom bezel insert in black ceramic and an Oysterflex bracelet.

The Yacht-Master 42 is available in 18 ct yellow or white gold with an Oysterflex bracelet and in RLX titanium – a particularly lightweight alloy with excellent corrosion-resistance properties and high mechanical strength – with an Oyster bracelet. This version, unveiled in 2023, stands out for its technical satin finish, a finish with a visible grain.

Perpetual calibres 2236 and 3235

Yacht-Master models are equipped with calibre 2236 (Yacht-Master 37) or calibre 3235 (Yacht-Master 40 and Yacht-Master 42), self-winding mechanical movements entirely developed and manufactured by Rolex. They offer outstanding performance, particularly in terms of precision, power reserve, convenience and reliability. Both movements’ power reserve extends to approximately 70 hours.

Superlative Chronometer certification

Like all Rolex timepieces, the Yacht-Master is covered by the Superlative Chronometer certification. This designation testifies that every watch leaving the brand’s workshops has successfully undergone a series of tests conducted by Rolex in its own laboratories, according to its own criteria. The Superlative Chronometer status is symbolized by a green seal and is coupled with an international five-year guarantee.

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Goldsmiths is a trading name of Watches of Switzerland Company Limited. Registered Office: Aurum House, 2 Elland Road, Braunstone, Leicester, LE3 1TT, Registered in England and Wales, Company number 00146087. Registered VAT Number 834 8634 04. Watches of Switzerland Company Limited acts as a broker and not a lender and offers finance from Secure Trust Bank PLC trading as V12 Retail Finance and PayPal UK Ltd, Whittaker House, Whittaker Avenue, Richmond-Upon-Thames, Surrey, United Kingdom, TW9 1EH trading as PayPal Credit. Watches of Switzerland Company Limited is authorised and regulated by the Finance Conduct Authority. Our registration number is 308710. Credit provided is subject to age and status, minimum spend applies. Terms and Conditions apply. UK residents only. We may receive a commission if your application is successful, and the amount may vary depending on the product chosen and the amount of credit taken out. Not all products are regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority and FOS protection will not be extended to unregulated agreements. Please note the Consumer Credit Act states that should your purchase / loan amount cost more than £30,000 you will not be covered under Section 75 of the Consumer Credit Act.

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• Rolex watches
• The Yacht-Master collection The Yacht-Master collection
• M226659-0002

Rolex Yacht-Master 42 Oyster, 42 mm, white gold

All prices are Rolex’s suggested retail price before applicable taxes. The suggested price can be modified at any time without notice.

All prices are Rolex's suggested retail prices inclusive of V.A.T. Prices can be modified at any time without notice.

ROLEX PRICING POLICIES

Please contact us or visit your nearest Tourneau location for information and pricing of this timepiece.

Prices can be modified at any time without notice.

The Yacht-Master’s new Oysterflex bracelet, developed by Rolex and patented, offers a sporty alternative to metal bracelets. The bracelet attaches to the watch case and the Oysterlock safety clasp by a flexible titanium and nickel alloy metal blade. The blade is overmoulded with high-performance black elastomer which is particularly resistant to environmental effects, very durable and perfectly inert for the wearer of the watch. For enhanced comfort, the inside of the Oysterflex bracelet is equipped with a patented longitudinal cushion system that stabilizes the watch on the wrist and fitted with an 18 ct white gold Oysterlock safety clasp. It also features the Rolex Glidelock extension system, designed by the brand and patented. This inventive toothed mechanism, integrated beneath the clasp, allows fine adjustment of the bracelet length by some 15 mm in increments of approximately 2.5 mm, without the use of tools.

By operating its own exclusive foundry, Rolex has the unrivalled ability to cast the highest quality 18 ct gold alloys. According to the proportion of silver, copper, platinum or palladium added, different types of 18 ct gold are obtained: yellow, pink or white. They are made with only the purest metals and meticulously inspected in an in-house laboratory with state-of-the-art equipment, before the gold is formed and shaped with the same painstaking attention to quality. Rolex's commitment to excellence begins at the source.

The Yacht-Master’s bidirectional rotatable 60-minute graduated bezel is made entirely from precious metals or fitted with a Cerachrom insert in high-tech ceramic. The raised polished numerals and graduations stand out clearly against a matt, sand-blasted background. This functional bezel – which allows the wearer to calculate, for example, the sailing time between two buoys – is also a key component in the model’s distinctive visual identity.

All Rolex watches are assembled by hand with the utmost care to ensure exceptional quality. Such high standards naturally restrict Rolex production capacity and, at times, the demand for Rolex watches outpaces this capacity.

Therefore, the availability of certain models may be limited. New Rolex watches are exclusively sold by Official Rolex Jewelers, who receive regular deliveries and independently manage the allocation and sales of watches to customers.

Tourneau I Bucherer is proud to be part of the worldwide network of Official Rolex Jewelers and can provide information on the availability of Rolex watches.

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Rolex Yacht-Master Marine character

Launched in 1992, the Yacht-Master was designed specifically for navigators and skippers. This Professional-category watch provides a perfect blend of functionality and nautical style, making it equally at home on and off the water.

The Oyster Perpetual Yacht-Master embodies the privileged ties between Rolex and the world of sailing that stretch back to the 1950s. Specially designed to meet the needs of sailors, it is a technical, elegant and sporty watch that is above all a useful and reliable nautical instrument.

An immediately recognizable bezel

The Yacht-Master is easily recognizable for its bidirectional rotatable 60-minute graduated bezel made entirely from precious metal (Everose gold or platinum) or fitted with a black Cerachrom insert in high-technology ceramic. The raised polished graduations and numerals stand out clearly against a matt background. This characteristic and functional bezel – which enables the wearer to read time intervals, for example, the sailing time between two buoys – plays a full part in creating the unique visual identity of the watch.

Exclusive materials

Robust, accurate and perfectly waterproof, the Yacht-Master is one of the only Rolex Professional watches offered in several diameters (37, 40 and 42 mm).

The Yacht-Master 37 and Yacht-Master 40 are available in a Rolesium version (combining Oystersteel and platinum, exclusive to the Yacht-Master range) and in an Everose Rolesor version (combining Oystersteel and Everose gold) with a bezel in precious metal and fitted with an Oyster bracelet. Both models are also offered in 18 ct Everose gold featuring a Cerachrom bezel insert in black ceramic and an Oysterflex bracelet.

The Yacht-Master 42 is available in 18 ct yellow or white gold with an Oysterflex bracelet and in RLX titanium – a particularly lightweight alloy with excellent corrosion-resistance properties and high mechanical strength – with an Oyster bracelet. This version, unveiled in 2023, stands out for its technical satin finish, a finish with a visible grain.

Perpetual calibres 2236 and 3235

Yacht-Master models are equipped with calibre 2236 (Yacht-Master 37) or calibre 3235 (Yacht-Master 40 and Yacht-Master 42), self-winding mechanical movements entirely developed and manufactured by Rolex. They offer outstanding performance, particularly in terms of precision, power reserve, convenience and reliability. Both movements’ power reserve extends to approximately 70 hours.

Superlative Chronometer certification

Like all Rolex timepieces, the Yacht-Master is covered by the Superlative Chronometer certification. This designation testifies that every watch leaving the brand’s workshops has successfully undergone a series of tests conducted by Rolex in its own laboratories, according to its own criteria. The Superlative Chronometer status is symbolized by a green seal and is coupled with an international five-year guarantee.

Keep exploring

GMT-Master-II

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Hello, we are the owners, Irina and Oleg. We sell a bright, comfortable and very beautiful flat, designed in a Scandinavian style. The flat created "for himself", but forced to sell due to moving to Moscow. ( We bought and renovated this flat for us but we have time sell it due to ...) The flat is located in a picturesque location near the Uktus mountains. The residential complex Stony Brook. In the flat: - All necessary equipment. (Dishwasher, washing machine, oven, refrigerator, range hood, stove, TV, microwave, coffee machine) - 2 wardrobes - Ennobled balcony where you can enjoy beautiful views of the forest and mountains, and dream about the most valuable. - Cable TV, wireless internet. - Increased size of window openings make the flat extremely bright. - All items and accessories are in the flat. In building: - High-speed elevator otis, which descends directly into the underground parking. - Concierge. - Courtyard complex located on the podium, which is located at 3 floors. House territory developed according to modern requirements - as a sport, and a playground with a safe finish. - On the first floor there is a trading gallery with a large grocery store, pharmacy, children's and sports goods, cafés and restaurants. The complex has a fitness club. Area: - In walking distance from the complex there is a shopping center "Globus" Waterpark "Limpopo", sports complex, "Planet IGRIK" (children's entertainment center), ICE (fitness center), the ski slopes and ski resorts, subway Botanica. - 8 km to the center. - 100 m bus stop

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.css-1c7en8u{font-size:clamp(1.375rem, 1.25rem + 0.3125vw, 3.125rem);line-height:1.1;margin-bottom:1rem;} Yacht-Master 42 .css-1g7r01k{font-weight:300;font-size:clamp(0.875rem, 0.9375rem + 0.1563vw, 1.25rem);line-height:1.2;text-wrap:balance;}.css-1g7r01k span{display:block;} Oyster, 42 mm, RLX titanium Reference 226627

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Staying on course

The Oyster Perpetual Yacht-Master 42 in RLX titanium with an intense black dial and an Oyster bracelet.

Bidirectional rotatable bezel, timing the distance.

The Yacht-Master’s bidirectional rotatable 60-minute graduated bezel is made entirely from precious metals or fitted with a Cerachrom insert in high-tech ceramic. The raised polished numerals and graduations stand out clearly against a matt, sand-blasted background.

This functional bezel – which allows the wearer to calculate, for example, the sailing time between two buoys – is also a key component in the model’s distinctive visual identity.

Intense black dial

Exceptional legibility.

Like all Rolex Professional watches, the Yacht-Master 42 offers exceptional legibility in all circumstances, and especially in the dark, thanks to its Chromalight display.

The broad hands and hour markers in simple shapes – triangles, circles, rectangles – are filled with a luminescent material emitting a long-lasting glow.

RLX titanium

Ultralight resistance

RLX titanium is a grade 5 titanium alloy specially selected by Rolex. Like all titanium alloys, it is especially lightweight and is noted for its mechanical strength and corrosion resistance.

Another characteristic of RLX titanium is the possibility of working it to give a polished or satin finish according to the brand’s specifications. Its high mechanical strength makes it complex to work with, and the decision to use it has required the introduction of special production processes.

The Oyster bracelet

Alchemy of form and function.

The Yacht-Master 42, made from RLX titanium, is fitted on an Oyster bracelet. Developed at the end of the 1930s, this three-piece link bracelet remains the most universal in the Oyster Perpetual collection and is known for its robustness.

The Oyster bracelet of this new version of the Yacht-Master 42 features the Oysterlock folding safety clasp, which prevents accidental opening. It is also equipped with the Easylink comfort extension link, developed by Rolex, which allows the wearer to easily adjust the bracelet length by approximately 5 mm. The Oyster bracelet in RLX titanium also includes patented ceramic inserts – designed by the brand – inside the links to enhance its flexibility on the wrist and its longevity.

More Yacht-Master technical details

Reference   226627

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Oyster, 42 mm, RLX titanium

Oyster architecture

Monobloc middle case, screw-down case back and winding crown

Bidirectional rotatable 60-minute graduated bezel with matt black Cerachrom insert in ceramic, polished raised numerals and graduations

Winding crown

Screw-down, Triplock triple waterproofness system

Scratch-resistant sapphire, Cyclops lens over the date

Water resistance

Waterproof to 100 metres / 330 feet

Perpetual, mechanical, self-winding

3235, Manufacture Rolex

-2/+2 sec/day, after casing

Centre hour, minute and seconds hands. Instantaneous date with rapid setting. Stop-seconds for precise time setting

Paramagnetic blue Parachrom hairspring. High-performance Paraflex shock absorbers

Bidirectional self-winding via Perpetual rotor

Power reserve

Approximately 70 hours

Oyster, three-piece solid links

Folding Oysterlock safety clasp with Easylink 5 mm comfort extension link

Intense black

Highly legible Chromalight display with long-lasting blue luminescence

Certification

Superlative Chronometer (COSC + Rolex certification after casing)

Learn how to set the time and other functions of your Rolex watch by consulting our user guides.

Yacht-Master 42

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Yekaterinburg

Yekaterinburg [lower-alpha 1] is a city and the administrative centre of Sverdlovsk Oblast and the Ural Federal District , Russia. The city is located on the Iset River between the Volga-Ural region and Siberia , with a population of roughly 1.5   million residents, [14] up to 2.2   million residents in the urban agglomeration. Yekaterinburg is the fourth-largest city in Russia, the largest city in the Ural Federal District, and one of Russia's main cultural and industrial centres. Yekaterinburg has been dubbed the "Third capital of Russia", as it is ranked third by the size of its economy, culture, transportation and tourism. [15] [16] [17] [18]

Imperial era

Contemporary era, demographics, administrative districts, administration, living costs and the labor market, finance and business, retail and services, transportation, public transit, media and telecommunications, life and culture, architecture, international relations, bric summit, twin towns – sister cities, notable people, bibliography, external links.

Yekaterinburg was founded on 18 November 1723 and named after the Orthodox name of Catherine I (born Marta Helena Skowrońska), the wife of Russian Emperor Peter the Great . The city served as the mining capital of the Russian Empire as well as a strategic connection between Europe and Asia. In 1781, Catherine the Great gave Yekaterinburg the status of a district town of Perm Province , and built the historical Siberian Route through the city. [3] Yekaterinburg became a key city to Siberia, which had rich resources. In the late 19th century, Yekaterinburg became one of the centres of revolutionary movements in the Urals. In 1924, after the Russian SFSR founded the Soviet Union , the city was renamed Sverdlovsk after the Bolshevik leader Yakov Sverdlov . During the Soviet era, Sverdlovsk was turned into an industrial and administrative powerhouse. On 23 September 1991 the city returned to its historical name.

Yekaterinburg is one of Russia's most important economic centres and was one of the host cities of the 2018 FIFA World Cup . The city is currently experiencing an economic and population boom, which resulted in some of the tallest skyscrapers of Russia being located in the city. Yekaterinburg is home to the headquarters of the Central Military District of the Russian Armed Forces , as well as the presidium of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences .

Yekaterinburg is famous for its constructivist architecture [19] [20] [21] and is also considered the "Russian capital of street art ". [22] [23] [24]

The area was settled in prehistory. The earliest settlements date to 8000–7000   BC, in the Mesolithic period . The Isetskoe Pravoberezhnoye I archaeological site contains a Neolithic settlement dated to 6000–5000   BC. It includes stone processing workshops with artefacts such as grinding plates, anvils, clumps of rock, tools, and finished products. Over 50 different types of rock and minerals were used in tool making, indicating extensive knowledge of the region's natural resources. The Gamayun peninsula (left bank of the Verkh-Isetsky Pond) has archaeological findings from the Chalcolithic Period : workshops for producing stone tools (upper area) and two dwellings of the Ayat culture (lower area). There are also traces of the Koptyak culture from 2000   BC: dishes decorated with bird images and evidence of metallurgical production. The Tent I site contains the only Koptyak culture burials discovered in the Ural Mountains . In the Bronze Age , the people of Gamayun culture lived in the area. They left fragments of ceramics, weapons, and ornaments. [25] [26] [27]

Archaeological artifacts in the vicinity of Yekaterinburg were first discovered during railway construction, at the end of the 19th century. Excavation and research began in the 20th century. Artifacts are held at the Sverdlovsk Regional Museum of Local Lore , at the Hermitage , at the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences, and at other museums. [26]

The first Russian settlements within the boundaries of modern Yekaterinburg appeared in the second half of the 17th century — in 1672, an Old Believers village arose in the area of Shartash lake [28] (this fact is disputed by historians, since no evidence of the founding of the village at that time was found in the sources), [29] and in 1680 – 1682, the villages of Nizhny and Verkhny Uktus appeared on the banks of Uktus River (now the territory of the Chkalovsky district of the city). [30] In 1702, by the initiative of the head of Sibirskiy prikaz Andrew Vinius , the Uktus state ironwork plant was founded near Nizhny Uktus — the first ironworks within the boundaries of modern Yekaterinburg. [31] In 1704, the Shuvakish ironworks was built (now the territory of the Zheleznodorozhny district of the city). [28] With the beginning of active construction of factories in the Urals in the 18th century, relations with their southern neighbors, the Bashkirs , became strained. As a result of the Bashkir raid in 1709, the village of Verkhny Uktus was devastated, all buildings, including the wooden church and chapel, were burned, the residents fled to the protection of the Uktus plant fortifications. [30] On the night of 5 April 1718, a fire destroyed all the factory buildings of the Uktus plant, except for the dam, and the plant was restored only by 1720 under the supervision of Timofey Burtsev. [32] However, the plant did not receive further development due to the lack of water in Uktus river.

In 1720, by decree of Peter I , a delegation led by mining specialist Johann Blüher and statesman Vasily Tatishchev was sent to the Urals . [33] They were entrusted with managing the mining industry, identifying the causes of the collapse and reduction of production at state-owned factories. [33] On 29 December 1720, [33] Tatishchev and Blüher arrive at the Uktus plant, which became their main residence in the Urals. As a result of familiarizing himself with the state of nearby state-owned factories, Tatishchev came to the conclusion that on the basis of these factories, even if they were reconstructed and expanded, it would not be possible to quickly increase the production of iron, and it would be more profitable to build a new large plant. After inspecting the immediate area, together with the commissary of the Uktus plant, Timofey Burtsev, a place rich in ore and forest was chosen on the banks of the more full-flowing Iset River , 7 versts from Uktus. [33] On 6 February 1721, Tatishchev sent a message to the Collegium of Mining , in which he asked permission to begin construction of the plant, with detailed explanations and justification for this project. [33] On 1 March 1721, without waiting for a response from the Collegium, Tatishchev began construction of the new plant, [28] but he failed to convince Collegium, and by the Collegium decree of 10 December 1721, he was removed from the leadership of mining affairs in the Urals. [28] In 1722, by decree of Peter the Great, a mining engineer, Major General Georg Wilhelm de Gennin , was sent to the Urals in place of Tatishchev. Having studied all the circumstances, de Gennin fully supported Tatishchev’s project, and on 12 March 1723, construction of the plant on Iset resumed. [28]

Russian historian Vasily Tatishchev and Russian engineer Georg Wilhelm de Gennin founded Yekaterinburg with the construction of a massive iron-making plant under the decree of Russian emperor Peter the Great in 1723. [34] They named the city after the emperor's wife, Yekaterina, who later became empress regnant Catherine   I . [2] Officially, the city's founding date is 18 November 1723, when the shops carried out a test run of the bloomery for trip hammers. [2] The plant was commissioned 6 days later, on 24 November. [35] 1723 also saw the establishment of Yekaterinburg fortress , which would encompass many of the settlement's earliest buildings. Dmitry Mamin-Sibiryak very vividly described the beginning of the construction of a mining plant and a fortress: "Imagine completely deserted banks of the Iset river, covered with forest. In the spring of 1723, soldiers from Tobolsk, peasants of the assigned settlements, hired craftsmen appeared, and everything around came to life, as if by the dictates of a fairy tale. They dropped the forest, prepared a place for the dam, laid blast furnaces, raised the rampart, set up barracks and houses for the authorities... ". [36]

In 1722–1726 the Verkhne-Uktussky mining plant was built, [37] which was officially called the plant of the princess Elizabeth (the future village of Elizabeth, or Elizavetinskoe) and became a part of modern Yekaterinburg in 1934. [38] In 1726, Wilhelm de Gennin founded an auxiliary Verkh-Isetsky plant with a working settlement 2 versts from Yekaterinburg upstream ('verkh' in Russian) the Iset River. [39] The plant's dam formed the Verkh-Isetsky pond. Colloquially called by the Russian acronym VIZ, it was a satellite town until in 1926, with a population of over 20,000 people by this time, it was incorporated into Yekaterinburg as the core of the Verkh-Isetsky district. [39]

Yekaterinburg was one of the industrial cities of Russia prompted at the beginning of the 18th century by decrees of Tsar Peter the Great which demanded the development of the metalworking industry. With extensive use of iron, the city was built to a regular square plan with ironworks and residential buildings at the centre. These were surrounded by fortified walls so that Yekaterinburg was at the same time both a manufacturing centre and a fortress at the frontier between Europe and Asia. It, therefore, found itself at the heart of Russia's strategy for further development of the entire Ural region. The so-called Siberian Route became operational in 1763 and placed the city on an increasingly important transit route, which led to its development as a focus of trade and commerce between east and west, and gave rise to the description of the city as the "window to Asia". With the growth in trade and the city's administrative importance, the ironworks became less critical, and the more important buildings were increasingly built using expensive stone. Small manufacturing and trading businesses proliferated. In 1781 Russia's empress, Catherine the Great, granted Yekaterinburg town status and nominated it as the administrative centre for the wider region within Perm Governorate . [3] In 1807, the role of the capital of the mining and smelting region was confirmed by assigning it the status of the only "mountain city" in Russia. Until 1863, Yekaterinburg remained subordinate to the head of the mining plants of the Ural ridge , the minister of finance and personally to the emperor, and enjoyed considerable freedom from the governor's power. Since the 1830s, mountainous Yekaterinburg has become the center of mechanical engineering. [36]

In 1820–1845, 45% of the world's gold was mined in Yekaterinburg. This is the first ever "Gold Rush". [40] Until 1876, 80% of the coins in circulation in the Russian Empire were produced at the Yekaterinburg mint. [41]

Following the October Revolution , the family of deposed Tsar Nicholas II was sent to internal exile in Yekaterinburg where they were imprisoned in the Ipatiev House in the city. In July 1918, the Czechoslovak Legions were closing on Yekaterinburg. In the early hours of the morning of 17 July, the deposed Tsar, his wife Alexandra , and their children Grand Duchesses Olga , Tatiana , Maria , Anastasia , and Tsarevich Alexei were murdered by the Bolsheviks at the Ipatiev House. Other members of the Romanov family were killed at Alapayevsk later the same day. The Legions arrived less than a week later and captured the city. [42] [43] The city remained under the control of the White movement in which a provisional government was established. The Red Army took back the city and restored Soviet authority on 14 July 1919. [44] [45]

In the years following the Russian Revolution and the Russian Civil War , political authority of the Urals was transferred from Perm to Yekaterinburg. On 19 October 1920, Yekaterinburg established its first university, the Ural State University , as well as polytechnic, pedagogical, and medical institutions under the decree of Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin . Enterprises in the city ravaged by the war were nationalised, including: the Metalist (formerly Yates) Plant, the Verkh-Isetsky (formerly Yakovleva) Plant, and the Lenin flax-spinning factory (formerly Makarov). In 1924, the city of Yekaterinburg was renamed Sverdlovsk after the Bolshevik leader Yakov Sverdlov . [46] [28] [44]

By the 1934, following a series of administrative reforms carried by the early Soviet government, the earliest Russian settlements which predated Yekaterinburg and laid the basis of its founding, were incorporated into the city proper. [38] [47]

During the reign of Stalin, Sverdlovsk was one of several places developed by the Soviet government as a centre of heavy industry. Old factories were reconstructed and new large factories were built, especially those specialised in machine-building and metalworking. These plants included Magnitogorsk and the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant in Chelyabinsk oblast , and Uralmash in Sverdlovsk. During this time, the population of Sverdlovsk tripled in size, and it became one of the fastest-growing cities of the Soviet Union. At that time, very large powers were given to the regional authorities. By the end of the 1930s, there were 140 industrial enterprises, 25 research institutes, and 12 higher education institutions in Sverdlovsk. [48] [49]

During World War II, the city became the headquarters of the Ural Military District on the basis of which more than 500 different military units and formations were formed, including the 22nd Army and the Ural Volunteer Tank Corps. Uralmash became the main production site for armoured vehicles. Many state technical institutions and whole factories were relocated to Sverdlovsk away from cities affected by war (mostly Moscow), with many of them staying in Sverdlovsk after the victory. The Hermitage Museum collections were also partly evacuated from Leningrad to Sverdlovsk in July 1941 and remained there until October 1945. [50] In the postwar years, new industrial and agricultural enterprises were put into operation and massive housing construction began. [51] [44] The lookalike five-story apartment blocks that remain today in Kirovsky, Chkalovsky, and other residential areas of Sverdlovsk sprang up in the 1960s, under the direction of Nikita Khrushchev 's government. [52] In 1977, Ipatiev House was demolished by order of Boris Yeltsin in accordance to a resolution from the Politburo in order to prevent it from being used as a rallying location for monarchists . Yeltsin later became the first President of Russia and represented the people at the funeral of the former Tsar in 1998. [53] There was an anthrax outbreak in Sverdlovsk in April and May 1979, which was attributed to a release from the Sverdlovsk-19 military facility . [54]

During the 1991 coup d'état attempt , Sverdlovsk, the home city of President Boris Yeltsin, was selected by him as a temporary reserve capital for the Russian Federation, in case Moscow became too dangerous for the Russian government. A reserve cabinet headed by Oleg Lobov was sent to the city, where Yeltsin enjoyed strong popular support at that time. [55] Shortly after the failure of the coup and subsequent dissolution of the Soviet Union, the city regained its historical name of Yekaterinburg on 23 September 1991. However, Sverdlovsk Oblast, of which Yekaterinburg is the administrative centre, kept its name. [56] [57]

In the 2000s, an intensive growth of trade, business, and tourism began in Yekaterinburg. In 2003, Russian President Vladimir Putin and German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder negotiated in Yekaterinburg. On 15–17 June 2009, the SCO and BRIC summits were held in Yekaterinburg, which greatly improved the economic, cultural, and tourist situation in the city. On 13–16 July 2010, a meeting between Russian President Dmitry Medvedev and German Chancellor Angela Merkel took place in the city. [58]

In 2018, Yekaterinburg hosted four matches of the 2018 FIFA World Cup and hosted the inaugural University International Sports Festival in 2023. [59]

Geographically, Yekaterinburg is in North Asia, close to the Ural Mountains (which divide Europe from Asia), 1,667   km (1,036   mi) east of the nation's capital Moscow.

The city has a total area of 1,111   km 2 (429   sq   mi) .

Yekaterinburg is on the eastern side of the Urals. The city is surrounded by wooded hills, partially cultivated for agricultural purposes. Yekaterinburg is located on a natural watershed, so there would be many bodies of water close and in the city. The city is bisected by the Iset River , which flows from the Urals into the Tobol River . There are two lakes in the city, Lake Shuvakish and Lake Shartash. The city borders Verkh-Isetskiy Pond, through which the Iset River flows. Lake Isetskoye and Lake Baltym are both near the city, with Lake Isetskoye located near Sredneuralsk , and Lake Baltym located near the towns of Sanatornyy and Baltym.

Yekaterinburg uses the Yekaterinburg Time, which is five hours ahead of UTC (UTC+5), and two hours ahead of Moscow Time . [60]

The city possesses a humid continental climate ( Dfb ) under the Köppen climate classification . [61] It is characterised by sharp variability in weather conditions, with well-marked seasons. The Ural Mountains, despite their insignificant height, block air from the west, from the European part of Russia. As a result, the Central Urals are open to the invasion of cold arctic air and continental air from the West Siberian Plain. Equally, warm air masses from the Caspian Sea and the deserts of Central Asia can freely penetrate from the south. Therefore, the weather in Yekaterinburg is characterised by sharp temperature fluctuations and weather anomalies: in winter, from frost at −40   °C to thaw and rain; in summer, from frosts to temperatures above 35   °C (95   °F) . [61]

The distribution of precipitation is determined by the circulation of air masses, relief, and air temperatures. The main part of the precipitation is brought by cyclones with a western air mass transfer, that is, from the European part of Russia, while their average annual amount is 601   mm. The maximum falls on a warm season, during which about 60–70% of the annual amount falls. For the winter period is characterized by snow cover with an average capacity of 40–50   cm. The coefficient of moistening(the ratio of yearly precipitation and potential evaporation ) – 1. [61]

• The average temperature in January is −12.6   °C (9.3   °F) . The record minimum temperature is −44.6   °C (−48.3   °F) (6 January 1915);
• The average July temperature is 18.9   °C (66.0   °F) . The record maximum temperature is 40.0   °C (104.0   °F) (11 July 2023);
• The average annual temperature is 2.1   °C (35.8   °F) ;
• The average annual wind speed is 2.9   m/s (10   km/h; 6.5   mph) ;
• The average annual humidity is 75%;
• The average annual precipitation is 534   mm (21.0   in) ;

According to the results of the 2021 Census , the population of Yekaterinburg was 1,544,376 ; [64] up from 1,349,772 recorded in the 2010 Census . [7]

As of 2021, the ethnic composition of Yekaterinburg was: [65]

Christianity is the predominant religion in the city, of which most are adherents to the Russian Orthodox Church. The Yekaterinburg and Verkhotursky diocese is located in the Holy Trinity Cathedral in the city. Other religions practised in Yekaterinburg include Islam , Old Believers , Catholicism , Protestantism , and Judaism .

Yekaterinburg has a significant Muslim community, but it suffers from a lack of worship space: there are only two small mosques . Another mosque was built in the nearby city of Verkhnyaya Pyshma . On 24 November 2007, the first stone was laid in the construction of a large Cathedral Mosque with four minarets , and space for 2,500 parishioners in the immediate vicinity of the cathedral and a synagogue , thus forming the "area of the three religions". [66] The mosque was planned to be built for the SCO summit, but due to funding problems, construction did not move from zero and is now frozen.

Construction of a Methodist church started in 1992, and with the help of American donations, finished in 2001. [67] A synagogue was opened in 2005, on the same place a 19th-century synagogue was demolished in 1962.

Most of the city's religious buildings were destroyed during the Soviet era, in addition to the synagogue, the three largest Orthodox churches in Yekaterinburg were demolished – the Epiphany Cathedral, the Ekaterininsky Cathedral, and the Great Zlatoust Church . Other Christian churches such as the Lutheran Church of Yekaterinburg and the Roman Catholic Church of St. Anne (a new Catholic St. Anne's Church was built in 2000) were demolished as well. Other churches were used as warehouses and industrial sites. The only religious building in Yekaterinburg in the Soviet era was the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist. Recently, some churches are being rebuilt. Since 2006, according to the surviving drawings, the Great Zlatoust Church was restored in 2012. On 17 April 2010, the city was visited by Patriarch Kirill . [68]

Yekaterinburg is the administrative centre of Sverdlovsk Oblast . [1] Within the framework of the administrative divisions , it is, together with twenty-nine rural localities , incorporated as the City of Yekaterinburg, [9] an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . [1] As a municipal division, the City of Yekaterinburg is incorporated as Yekaterinburg Urban Okrug. [10]

Each district is not a municipal formation, and the historical centre of the city is divided into five inner-city districts (except Chkalovsky and Ordzhonikidzevsky).

A district named Akademicheskiy was formed from the parts of Leninsky and Verkh-Isetsky districts on 3 January 2020. [70] On 1 October 2021, more settlements were transferred from Verkh-Isetsky to Akademicheskiy district. [71]

The Charter of Yekaterinburg establishes a four-link system for the organisation of local authorities, which includes: the Head of Yekaterinburg, who serves as the chairman of the Yekaterinburg City Duma, the Yekaterinburg City Duma, the Administration of the City of Yekaterinburg, and the Chamber of Accounts. [74]

According to the charter of Yekaterinburg, the highest official of the municipal formation is the mayor of Yekaterinburg. The mayor is elected by universal suffrage, but since 3 April 2018, the procedure for direct elections of the mayor of the City of Yekaterinburg was abolished. The mayor of the city is endowed with representative powers and powers to organize activities and guide the activities of the City Duma. In addition, the mayor of the city exercises other powers such as concluding a contract with the head of the city administration and ensuring compliance with the Russian Constitution, Russian legislation, the city charter, and other normative acts. [75] [76]

In the event of a temporary absence of the mayor of Yekaterinburg, his authority under his written order is exercised by the deputy mayor of Yekaterinburg. [77]

The representative body of the municipal formation is the Yekaterinburg City Duma, which represents the city's entire population. The membership of the Duma is 36 deputies (18 deputies were elected in single-mandate constituencies and 18 in a single electoral district). Residents of the city elect deputies on the basis of universal suffrage for a period of 5 years. [74]

The executive and administrative body of the municipal formation is the Administration of the City of Yekaterinburg, led by the head of the Administration, currently held by Aleksandr Yacob. The administration is endowed with its own powers to resolve issues of local importance, but it is under the control and accountable to the Yekaterinburg City Duma. The building of the Administration of Yekaterinburg is located on 1905 Square . [76]

The Chamber of Accounts is a permanently operating body of external municipal financial control. The Chamber is formed by the apparatus of the City Duma and is accountable to it. The Chamber consists of the chairman, deputy chairman, auditors and staff. The structure and number of staff of the chamber, including the number of auditors, is determined by the decision of the City Duma. The term of office of the Chamber staff is 5 years. The Chamber of Accounts is a legal entity. [77]

In accordance with the regional charter, Yekaterinburg is the administrative centre of the Sverdlovsk Oblast. [1] The executive power is exercised by the governor of Sverdlovsk Oblast, the legislative power by the legislative assembly of Sverdlovsk Oblast, and the judicial power by the Sverdlovsk Regional Court, located in the building of the Palace of Justice. [78] The building serving the regional government is the White House and the building serving the legislative assembly is located next to it on October Square. The ministries of the Sverdlovsk Region are located in the building of the regional government, as well as in other separate buildings of the city. [79]

Yekaterinburg serves as the centre of the Ural Federal District. As a result, it serves as the residence of the presidential envoy , the highest official of the district and part of the administration of the President of Russia. The residence is located the building of the regional government on October Square near the Iset River embankment.

In addition, Yekaterinburg serves as the centre of the Central Military District and more than 30 territorial branches of the federal executive bodies, whose jurisdiction extends not only to Sverdlovsk Oblast, but also to other regions in the Ural Mountains, Siberia, and the Volga Region.

According to the results of the September 2013 elections, the mayor of the city was Yevgeny Roizman , nominated by the Civil Platform party. Out of the 36 seats in the City Duma, 21 belong to United Russia , 7 to A Just Russia , 3 to the Civil Platform, 2 to the Communist Party and 1 seat to the LDPR . The turnout in the mayoral elections was 33.57%. [80]

It was the last popular vote in Yekaterinburg. Since 2018, there have been no elections, but a vote in the Municipal Duma. On 25 September 2018 the majority of the representatives in the Duma voted in favour of the Vice-Governor of Sverdlovsk oblast, Alexander Vysokinskiy.

Yekaterinburg is one of the largest economic centres in Russia. It is included in the City-600 list (it unites the 600 largest cities in the world that produce 60% of global GDP), compiled by the McKinsey Global Institute, a research organisation. In 2010, the consulting company estimated the gross product of Yekaterinburg to be about $19   billion (according to the calculations of the company, it should grow to $40   billion by 2025). [82] [83]

By volume of the economy, Yekaterinburg ranks third in the country, after Moscow and St. Petersburg. According to a research of the Institute for Urban Economics, in the ranking of the largest cities and regional capital cities according to economic standards for 2015, Yekaterinburg ranked third. The city's gross urban product (GVP) was 898   billion rubles. Per capita GDP was 621.0 thousand rubles (18th place). [84] In 2015, the gross urban product of the Yekaterinburg metropolitan area amounted to 50.7   billion international dollars (the fourth place in the country) or 25.4 thousand international dollars in terms of per inhabitant of the metropolitan area. [85]

In the Soviet era, Yekaterinburg (as Sverdlovsk) was a purely industrial city, with a share of industry in the economy of 90% (of which 90% were in defense production). With Chelyabinsk and Perm, the three cities formed what to be the Urals industrial hub. [86]

The former head of Yekaterinburg, Arkady Chernetsky, has set the goal of diversifying the city's economy, which has resulted in the development of sectors such as warehousing, transportation, logistics, telecommunications, financial sector, wholesale and retail trade, etc. in Yekaterinburg. [86] Economist-geographer Natalia Zubarevich points out that at the present stage, Yekaterinburg has practically lost its industrial specialisation. [87]

The standard of living in Yekaterinburg exceeds the average standard across Russia. According to the Department of Sociology of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, it is among the top ten cities with the highest standard of living. Compared to other Russian cities with a population of around or over one million, in 2015, Yekaterinburg held a leading position in terms of average monthly wages and retail turnover, in terms of the total volume of investments in fourth place of fixed assets, and second place in housing placement. [88] [89]

The average monthly wage in Yekaterinburg following the results of 2019 was 54,976 rubles. This is the first place among the millionth municipalities of the Russian Federation. [90] There are on average 440,300 people employed by large and middle-sized organisations and companies. The unemployment rate at the end of 2015 was 0.83% of the total economically active population. Locals labelled the main problems of the city such the current state of the healthcare system, housing system, and transportation system. [89] [91]

The budget of Yekaterinburg in 2015 was executed on income in the amount of 32,063.6   million rubles, for expenses in the amount of 32,745.8   million rubles. Among the budget expenditures: 17 billion rubles were spent on education, over 1 billion rubles on culture, and about 900 million rubles on health. The main part of the revenue of the city treasury was its own tax and non-tax revenues (more than 18 billion rubles). The revenues from the regional and federal budgets were at the lowest level in 10 years. Specialists noted a decrease in tax revenues and an increase in tax debt (exceeded 2 billion rubles). [89] [92]

The main budget expenditures are the development of the economy (which accounts for 19% of expenditures) and the social security of the townspeople (11% of expenditures go). Cities such as Perm, Kazan and Ufa, spend for these purposes in a smaller percentage of costs (from 2 to 6%). Also, a fairly strict budgetary discipline is noted—the budget deficit is kept at the level of 2% of its volume. [93]

Yekaterinburg is one of the largest financial and business centres in Russia, with offices of multinational corporations, representative offices of foreign companies, and a large number of federal and regional financial and credit organisations. The financial market of Yekaterinburg is characterised by stability and independence, based both on the broad presence of large foreign and Moscow credit organisations and on the availability of large and stable local financial holdings. [94]

The financial sector of Yekaterinburg has more than 100 banks, including 11 foreign banks. The list of the largest Russian banks for assets for 2016 included 10 banks registered in Yekaterinburg, including but not all: Ural Bank for Reconstruction and Development, SKB-Bank, Uraltransbank, and UM Bank. [95] [96]

IT "SKB Kontur" from Yekaterinburg – the largest software manufacturer in Russia – first place according to the RAEX rating [97]

Also in Yekaterinburg is the Ural headquarters of the Central Bank of Russia. Since 7 August 2017, by order of the Bank of Russia, the branches of the Siberian, Far Eastern and part of the Prevolzhsky Federal Districts have been transferred to the control of the Ural Megaregal Directorate. Thus, this is one of the three main departments of the Mega-regulator in the territory of Russia. [98]

A major role in the formation of Yekaterinburg as a business centre has its infrastructural potential, which is growing at a high rate: transport accessibility for Russian and foreign economic entities, the availability of hotels, advanced communication services, business related services (consulting, exhibition activities, etc.). [94] Yekaterinburg has its own central business district, Yekaterinburg City. [99]

Yekaterinburg has been a major industrial centre since its foundation. In the 18th century, the main branches were smelting and processing of metal. Since the beginning of the 19th century, machine building appeared, and in the second half of the 19th century, light and food (especially milling) industry was widely spread. A new stage in the development of production occurred during the period of industrialisation – at this time in the city, factories were built, which determined the industry specialisation of heavy engineering. During World War II, Yekaterinburg (as Sverdlovsk) hosted about sixty enterprises evacuated from Central Russia and Ukraine. As a result, there was a sharp increase in the production capacity of existing plants and the emergence of new branches of the Urals industry.

At present, more than 220 large and medium-sized enterprises are registered in Yekaterinburg, 197 of them in manufacturing industries. [94] In 2015, they shipped 323,288 million rubles worth of own-produced goods. Production by industry was divided accordingly: metallurgical production and metalworking 20.9%, food production 13.3%, production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment 9.2%, production of vehicles 8.4%, production of machinery and equipment 6.4%, chemical production 5.5%, production of other nonmetallic mineral products 3.7%, production of rubber and plastic products 2.8%, pulp and paper production, publishing and printing 0.5%, and other 29.3%. [100]

Several headquarters of large Russian industrial companies are located in the city: IDGC of Urals, Enel Russia, Steel-Industrial Company, Russian Copper Company, Kalina, NLMK-Sort, VIZ-Stal, Sinara Group, Uralelectrotyazhmash, Automation Association named after academician NA Semikhatov, Ural Heavy Machinery Plant (Uralmash), Fat Plant, Fores, confectionery association Sladko, Machine Building Plant named after M.I. Kalinin, Ural Turbine Plant, Uralkhimmash and others. [101]

Yekaterinburg ranks first in retail trade of the Russian Federation per capita, ahead of Moscow. [102] The consumer market contributes significantly to Yekaterinburg's economy. Revenue of retail stores in 2015 amounted to 725.9   billion rubles, and the number of retailers totaled 4,290. [103] As of 1 January 2016, 36 shopping centers operate in the city, taking up a total area of which was 1,502,700   m 2 (16,175,000   sq   ft) . The availability of shopping centres per 1,000 inhabitants increased to 597.2   m 2 (6,428   sq   ft) . [104]

Retail areas amounted to 2,019,000   m 2 (21,730,000   sq   ft) , with the availability of retail space reached 1,366.3   m 2 (14,707   sq   ft) per 1,000 inhabitants. According to these statistics, Yekaterinburg holds leading positions among other major cities of Russia. In the consumer market of Yekaterinburg, 1041 network operators are represented. The number of wholesale enterprises totalled 1,435. Among the Federal construction stores represented in the city, you can select: Leroy Merlin, [105] Castorama, [106] Domostroy, [107] Maxidom, [108] OBI, [109] Sdvor. [110] Yekaterinburg has an agricultural market named Shartashsky. [104] [111]

The revenue of catering in 2015 totalled 38.6   billion rubles. The network of catering enterprises in Yekaterinburg is presented as follows: 153 restaurants, 210 bars, 445 cafes, 100 coffee houses, 582 dining rooms, 189 eateries, 173 fast-food establishments, 10 tea shops, 319 other types of institutions (buffets, cafeterias, catering companies). 82.6% of catering enterprises provide additional services to consumers. [112]

The revenue of the services industry in 2015 totalled 74.9   billion rubles. The fastest pace in the city is developing hairdressing services, sewing and knitting atelier services, pawnshop services, fitness centre services. The network of public service enterprises in Yekaterinburg includes 5,185 facilities. In 2015, the provision of service areas for service enterprises totaled 382.1   m 2 (4,113   sq   ft) per 1,000 citizens. The highest concentration of household services is observed in the Verkh-Isetsky, Oktyabrsky and Leninsky districts. [113]

Greenwich Shopping Center, as of 2021, is the largest shopping center in Europe. [114]

The largest store in the world by area is Sima-Land. [115]

Yekaterinburg is a major centre for the Russian tourist industry. In 2015, the city was one of the top five most visited Russian cities (others being Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk , and Vladivostok ) according to the Global Destinations Cities Index, which represents the payment system Mastercard . [116] In recent years, a lot of work has been done to create a positive image of Yekaterinburg as a centre for international tourism, including holding of summits for the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) in 2008 and 2009 and the international exhibition Innoprom in 2009 and 2010. [117] In 2014, Yekaterinburg ranked third among Russian cities in popularity among foreign tourists after Moscow and St. Petersburg. [118]

In 2015, the total flow of inbound tourism grew by 10% compared to the previous year and amounted to 2.1   million people. [119] In recent years, there has been a tendency to reduce the role of business tourism in the overall flow: if in 2013 about 80% of trips were business, in 2015 their number was already 67%. Most tourists go to "bow to the memory of the last [czar] and his family." In addition, new tourist ideas are developing such as the Bazhov theme, the geological and mineralogical theme, industrial tourism, and the event calendar. [120]

Yekaterinburg is the third largest transport hub of Russia, behind Moscow and St. Petersburg. The city has 6 federal highways, 7 main railway lines, and an international airport. The location of Yekaterinburg in the central part of the region allows for 7 to 10 hours to get from it to any large city of the Urals. [121] The formation of Yekaterinburg as an important transportation hub is largely due to the city's favourable geographical location on a low stretch of the Ural Mountains, through which it was convenient to lay the main roads connecting the European and Eastern parts of Russia. [122]

Yekaterinburg is one of the ten Russian megacities with the largest car fleet (0.437 megacars were registered in the city in 2014), which has been intensively increasing in recent years (by 6–14% annually). [123] [124] The level of car ownership in 2015 has reached 410 cars per 1,000 people. [125] Its pace in the past few years has seriously exceeded the pace of development and the capacity of the road infrastructure. For the first time, transport problems started to appear in Yekaterinburg in the 1980s and though it did not seem threatening at first, the situation gets worse every year. Studies have shown that as early as 2005, the capacity limit for the road network was reached, which has now led to permanent congestion. [126] To increase the capacity of the street-road network, stage-by-stage reconstruction of streets is being carried out, as well as multi-level interchanges being built. In order to reduce the transit traffic, the Sverdlovsk Oblast administration announced two road projects in 2014: the Yekaterinburg Ring Road (EKAD) and an overpass road on Sovetskaya Street. The Yekaterinburg Ring Road would surround the largest municipalities of Yekaterinburg. Its purpose would be to help the city's economy and reduce traffic on the Middle Ring Road of the city, making it easier for civilians to commute around the city than going through the city's traffic congestion. Eventually, the Ring Road would connect to other federal roads in order for easier access between other Russian cities. Construction of the road started in the same year. The projects were assigned to the Ministry of Transport and Communications since the projects were crucial to the city's economy. Officials hope the road projects will build environments more conducive to improving local quality of life and outside investments. Completing these major inter-regional roads will increase productive traffic by 50% to 100%, improving the local economy with its ease of access to industries. [127]

Since 2014, the project for the introduction of paid parking in the central part of Yekaterinburg is being implemented. The project is implemented in parallel with the increase in the number of intercepting parking lots and the construction of parking lots. At the end of 2015, in the central part of the city there were 2,307 paid parking places. [125]

The total length of the road network in Yekaterinburg is 1,311.5   km (814.9   mi) , of which 929.8   km (577.8   mi) is cobbled carriageways, 880   km (550   mi) is with upgraded coverage, 632   km (393   mi) is backbone networks, of which 155   km (96   mi) are on the citywide backbone network movement. 20 interchanges have been constructed at different levels within the city limits, including 11 on the EKAD and 9 on the middle ring. 74 transport facilities (27 bridges across the Iset River, Patrushikha, Mostovka, Istok Rivers, 13 dams on the Iset, Patrushikha, Istok, Olkhovka, Warm, Shilovka Rivers, 23 road overpasses , and 18 out-of-the-way pedestrian crossings) were built as well. [128]

Yekaterinburg is served by the following highways: [129]

Yekaterinburg uses almost all types of public transport. The largest transportation services—the Municipal Association of Bus Enterprises, the Tram-Trolleybus Office, and the Yekaterinburg Metro —transported 207.4   million people in 2015. [130] The total volume of passenger transportation by all land transport modes decreases annually. If the annual passenger traffic of municipal transport was 647.1   million people in 2002, and according to this index the city occupied the third place in the country with a wide margin, then in 2008 this figure would be 412 million people (the fourth place in Russia). [131] [132]

Since 1991, the city operates the sixth metro in Russia and the thirteenth in the CIS . At the moment there is one line with 9 stations. In 2015 49.9   million passengers were transported; according to this metric the Yekaterinburg Metro is the fourth in Russia, behind the Moscow Metro, Saint Petersburg Metro, and Novosibirsk Metro . [133] Although the metro is the second most popular type of public transport, in recent years significant problems have appeared in its work: loss-making, obsolete rolling stock, and a shortage of funds for modernisation. [134] The tram network was established in 1929 and currently [ when? ] plays a leading role in the urban transport system. The volume of passengers carried for 2013 is 127.8   million, [135] but this declines every year (245   million people in 2013 [136] ). In 2016 there were 30 routes operating 459 cars. The total length of the tracks is 185.5   km. As of 2016 [ update ] , the construction of a tram line "Ekaterinburg-Verkhnyaya Pyshma" was planned. [137]

There are 93 bus routes operating in Yekaterinburg, including 30 municipal ones (EMUP "MOAP"). [138] In 2007, 114.5   million passengers were transported by municipal intercity buses (124.6   million in 2006). [139] The decrease in volume is due to the increasing role of the fixed-route taxis in the urban transport system of Yekaterinburg, as well as the high cost of travel. However, the city bus transport network provides significant employment for the people of Ekaterinburg, including the formidable babushkas who collect passenger fares. In the park of EMPU, there are 537 buses. [140] In 2013, there are 19 routes, which employ 250 trolleybuses. The total length of trolleybus lines is 168.4   km. The number of passengers transported by trolleybus in 2007 amounted to 78.4   million (84.3   million in 2006). [139]

In addition, the city operates an electric train route linking the north-western and the southern parts of Yekaterinburg, from Sem' Klyuchey to Elizavet.

Yekaterinburg is a major railway junction. In the Yekaterinburg node, 7 main lines converge (to Perm , Tyumen , Kazan , Nizhny Tagil , Chelyabinsk , Kurgan , and Tavda ). The Sverdlovsk Railway Administration is located in the city, which serves trains on the territory of the Sverdlovsk and Tyumen Regions, the Perm Territory, the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Districts, as well as parts of the Omsk Region, and there is a single road traffic control centre. The Perm–Yekaterinburg–Tyumen section is now part of the main route of the Trans-Siberian Railway .

Yekaterinburg is served by two primary airports: Koltsovo International Airport (SVX) and the smaller Yekaterinburg Aramil Airport . Koltsovo Airport is one of the largest airports in the country, serving 5.404   million passengers (including 3.485   million serviced by domestic airlines, 1.919   million at international flights) in 2017, making it the sixth busiest airport in Russia . [141]

Yekaterinburg has an extensive network of municipal, regional and federal health facilities. There are 54 hospitals, designed at a capacity of 18,200 beds, [142] 272 ambulatory polyclinics, and 156 dental clinics and offices. [143] Some health facilities are based on medical research institutes such as the Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, [144] the Research Institute of Dermatology and Immunopathology, [145] and the Ural State Medical University, as well as others.

In clean areas of the city, there is the Yekaterinburg Medical Centre, which includes the Sverdlovsk Regional Clinical Hospital No. 1 (also includes a polyclinic and a boarding house), Central City Hospital No. 40 (polyclinic, therapeutic building, surgical building, infectious body, neuro-surgical building, maternity hospital), Regional Cardiology Centre, Centre for Prevention and Control of AIDS, and MNTK Eye Microsurgery. [146]

Other large medical centres are the Uralmash Health Centre (Hospital No. 14), the Hospital of veterans of the Great Patriotic War, the district hospital of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the district military hospital, the Oncology Centre, the Sverdlovsk Oblast Psychiatric Hospital, the Disaster Medicine Centre, the Sanguis Blood Transfusion Centre, children's versatile hospital No. 9, and the regional rehabilitation centre on Chusovsky lake. There are about 300 pharmacies in the city. [143] The number of doctors in public medical institutions is 11,339 people (83.9 per 10,000 people) and the number of nurses is 16,795 (124 per 10,000 people).

Private medical institutions also operate in the city. [147]

Yekaterinburg's education system includes institutions of all grades and conditions: preschool, general, special (correctional), and vocational (secondary and higher education), as well as others. Today, the city is one of the largest educational centres of Russia, with Yekaterinburg considered to be the leading educational and scientific centre of the Urals . [148]

There are 164 educational institutions in Yekaterinburg: 160 of them operate in the morning and the other 4 in the evening. In 2015, 133,800 people were enrolled in general education institutions, which holds a capacity of 173,161 people. [149] Yekaterinburg's education system also includes state pre-school educational institutions, non-state pre-school institutions, out-of-town health camps, and municipal city health facilities with a one-day stay. [150] Five educational institutions of the city: SUNC UrFU, Gymnasium No. 2, Gymnasium No. 9, Gymnasium No. 35, and Lyceum No. 135, were included in the rating of the five hundred best schools in the country by the Moscow Center for Continuous Mathematical Education and the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation . [151]

On 16 July 1914, the Ural Mining Institute of Emperor Nicholas II (now the Ural State Mining University ) was established as Yekaterinburg's first educational institution. [152] In 1930, the Sverdlovsk Power Engineering College (now the Ural Technical Institute of Communications and Informatics) was opened to train specialists in the field of communications. The Alexei Maximovich Gorky Ural State University (now the Ural Federal University ) became the first university in Yekaterinburg by decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR , signed by Vladimir Lenin on 19 October 1920. The Sverdlovsk Engineering and Pedagogical Institute (today the Russian State Vocational and Pedagogical University) became the first university of the USSR for the training of engineering and pedagogical personnel when it was opened in 1979.

In terms of the level of qualification of the graduates, Yekaterinburg's universities are among the leading in Russia, in particular in terms of the number of graduates representing the current managing elite of the country, Yekaterinburg universities are second only to the educational institutions of Moscow and Saint Petersburg. [153] [154] Currently, there are 20 state universities in the city, which currently holds a total of 140,000 students. [155] In addition, there are 14 non-state institutions of higher education in the city, such as the Yekaterinburg Academy of Contemporary Art and the Yekaterinburg Theological Seminary. The prestigious architecture school, the Ural State Academy of Architecture and Arts , is also located within the city limits. Other institutions of higher education Ural State Pedagogical University, Ural State University of Forestry, Ural State University of Railway Transport, Ural State University of Economics, Military Institute of Artillery, Ural State Conservatory , Ural State Agricultural Academy, Ural State Law Academy , Ural State Medical University, Ural State Academy of Performing Arts, Ural Academy of Public Service, and Institute of International Relations .

In May 2011, the Ural State University and Ural State Technical University merged to form the Boris N. Yeltsin Ural Federal University , making it the largest university in the Urals and the largest university in Russia. As of 1 January 2016, the university had 35,300 students and 2,950 teachers. The university's budget in 2015 totalled 9,1   billion rubles and the volume of research and development work totalled 1,6   billion rubles. [156] As of 2021, UrFU is the largest university in Russia in terms of the number of students, being on the 351st place in the QS World University Rankings. [157] [158] The number of publications of the university in the Web of Science database is about a thousand per year. [159]

There are many branches of non-resident universities in the city, including the Ural branch of the Siberian State University of Telecommunications and Informatics, the Ural branch of the Russian Academy of Private Law, the Yekaterinburg branch of the Plekhanov Russian Economic Academy, the Yekaterinburg branch of the University of the Russian Academy of Education, the Yekaterinburg branch of the Moscow State University, and Sholokhov Humanitarian University, as well as others.

In Yekaterinburg, a large number of print publications are published: about 200 newspapers, the most read being the Ural Worker , Vecherny Yekaterinburg , Oblastnaya Gazeta , and For Change! , and 70 magazines, with most read being Red Burda and I'm Buying . [160] [161]

A television studio was built in Yekaterinburg (as Sverdlovsk) in 1955 and on 6 November of the same year, the first telecast appeared. Coloured television later appeared in 1976. [162] Now the television is broadcast by 19 companies, including but not all: STRC Ural, Channel Four, 41 Home, Channel 10, OTV, Union (Orthodox), and UFO 24. Broadcasting is carried out from the TV tower on Lunacharsky street (television studio GTRK Ural), the TV tower on the Moskovskiy Hill, and from the TV tower (radio relay tower) on Blyukher Street. In 1981, construction of a new television tower was started, which was to become the second tallest in Russia after the Ostankino Tower and cover the territory of most of the Sverdlovsk region, but economic difficulties postponed construction. As a result, the television tower was the tallest uncompleted structure in the world. On 24 March 2018, the television tower was demolished by detonation for the city's beautification in preparation of the 2018 FIFA World Cup . [163] The Shartash radio mast, which broadcasts, is the tallest structure in the city, with a height of 263 meters. [164] In addition, several dozens of national and local news agencies are broadcast in Yekaterinburg, with the most watched being ITAR-TASS Ural, RUIA-Ural, and Interfax-Ural.

At the moment [ when? ] , there are 26 internet providers and 6 cellular operators in the city. [165] According to Yekaterinburg News , the city has signed a cooperative agreement with the Russian mobile operator Vimpelcom , working under the Beeline brand. The partnership will involve cooperation on investment projects and social programmes focused on increasing access to mobile services in the city. Beeline has launched an initiative to provide Wi-Fi services in 500 public trams and trolley buses in Yekaterinburg. [166]

Yekaterinburg is a multipurpose cultural centre of the Urals Federal District. [148] There are about fifty libraries in the city. The largest library organisations are the Sverdlovsk Oblast Universal Scientific Library, the V.G. Belinsky Scientific Library, which is the largest public library in Sverdlovsk Oblast, and the Municipal Library Association, which is composed of 41 libraries throughout the city, including the AI Herzen Central City Library. [167]

There are about 50 different museums in the city. [168] Yekaterinburg has unique museum collections, such as the collections of Russian paintings in the Yekaterinburg Museum of Fine Arts and the Nevyansk icons in the Nevyansk Icon Museum , with more than 300 icons representing the eighteenth through the twentieth centuries on display. There is also a unique exhibit, the Kaslinsky cast iron pavilion, which received main awards at the 1900 World Exhibition in Paris. The Kasli Pavilion was registered by UNESCO as the only cast-iron architectural structure in the world, which is in the museum collection. [169] Museums of the city also have collections of jewellery and stone ornaments. The United Museum of Writers of the Urals presents exhibitions in memory of writers such as Dmitry Mamin-Sibiryak and Pavel Bazhov . It also is the home of the Shigirskaya Kladovaya ( Шигирская кладовая ), or Shigir Collection, which includes the oldest known wooden sculpture in the world. The sculpture was found near Nevyansk and originally estimated to have been made approximately 9,500 years ago, but now is estimated to have been made 11,500 years ago. [170] Yekaterinburg museums annually participate in the international event Long Night of Museums .

Yekaterinburg has the third most theatres in Russia. [171] The influence of theatrical life of the city was made by the Moscow Art Academic Theater and the Central Theater of the Soviet Army when they evacuated to Yekaterinburg (as Sverdlovsk) during World War II, and they had their own theater in the city. [172] Notable theatres that operate in the city are Academic Theater of Musical Comedy, Drama Theater, Kolyada-Theater , the youth theatre, and the puppet theatre, as well as others. The Yekaterinburg Opera and Ballet Theater received four awards at the Golden Mask 2020 Festival in Moscow, including the main Golden Mask for the Best Opera Performance [173]

In 2014, the city showcased its education, literary, art, and theatre culture through the Russian Year of Culture Programme. [174]

The city has a well-developed film industry. Opened back in 1909, Laurage was the first cinema in Yekaterinburg. In 1943, the Sverdlovsk Film Studio was opened and produced its first feature film Silva a year later. After the Second World War, the studio produced up to ten feature films a year. There are more than 20 cinemas in Yekaterinburg, the oldest of which is the Salyut, while the most capacious is the Cosmos spacecraft. [175] [176] There are also chains of movie theatres such as Premier-Zal, Kinomaks, and Kinoplex, which usually open in shopping and entertainment centres.

A number of popular Russian rock bands, such as Urfin Dzhyus, Chaif , Chicherina , Nautilus Pompilius , Nastya, Trek, Agata Kristi , Slaughter to Prevail and Smyslovye Gallyutsinatsii , were originally formed in Yekaterinburg ( Ural Rock is often considered as a particular variety of rock music. Yekaterinburg and St. Petersburg are actually considered to be the main centres of the genre in Russia). Also, opera singers like Boris Shtokolov , Yuri Gulyayev , Vera Bayeva graduated from the Urals State Conservatory. The Ural Philharmonic Orchestra (currently conducted by Dmitry Liss ), founded by Mark Paverman and located in Yekaterinburg, is also very popular in Russia and in Europe, as well as the Ural Academic Popular Chorus, a folk-singing and dance ensemble. [ citation needed ]

Yekaterinburg V. I. Filatov State Circus is located in the centre of the city, on the western bank of the Iset River. In 2012, the Yekaterinburg Circus was nominated "Best Circus of the Year" for the circus show Sharivari by the Rosgoscirk and the Ministry of Culture . [177]

The Presidential Center named after Boris Yeltsin was built in Yekaterinburg in 2015. It is considered to be a public, cultural and educational center. Center has its art gallery, library, museum equipped with the newest multimedia technologies that help to present the documents, video materials and archive photos. In 2017, the Yeltsin Center was recognized as the best museum in Europe by the Council of Europe, the first of the museums in Russia. [178]

The Urals Society of Natural Science Lovers pushed Yekaterinburg to have a zoo. Currently, the zoo has more than 1,000 animals that belong to more than 350 species. The zoo covers an area of 2.7 hectares.

On 18 June 2011, Yekaterinburg launched Red Line as a pedestrian tourist route for self-guided tours by residents and visitors to go to 34 landmarks in the historical section of the city. [179]

Many buildings of Yekaterinburg are ranged from a different number of architectural styles. The city had a regular layout, based on the fortresses of the Renaissance and by the principles of French town planning during the 17th century. By the 18th century, the Baroque movement was not that influential in Yekaterinburg, with the style being seen in churches which later declined [180]

In the first half of the 19th century, neoclassicism grew influential in the Yekaterinburg's architecture. The estates were built in the neoclassic style, including the main house, wings, services, and often an English-style park. This style's influence in Yekaterinburg is mostly due to the contributions of architect Michael Malakhov, who worked in the city from 1815 to 1842. He designed the assemblies of the Verkhne-Isetsky factory as well as the Novo-Tikhvinsky Monastery. [180]

At the beginning of the 20th century, eclecticism became a dominant influence in Yekaterinburg's architecture. Buildings such as the Opera House and Yekaterinburg railway station were built in this style. During the 1920s and the 1930s, constructivism took effect, influencing residential complexes, industrial buildings, stadiums, etc. Architects Moses Ginzburg, Jacob Kornfeld, the Vesnina brothers, Daniel Friedman, and Sigismund Dombrovsky contributed greatly to the constructivism in the city. More than 140 structures in Yekaterinburg are designed through the constructivist style. [181]

During the 1930s to 1950s, there was a turn back to neoclassicism, with much attention paid to public buildings and monuments. Notable examples include the buildings of the Ural Industrial Institute on Lenin Avenue, the City Party Committee and the City Council Executive Committee building (now the City Administrative building), the District Officers' House, and the House of Defense complex. Cultural buildings are built in the squares in orderly composition. In these years, architects Golubev, K. T. Babykin, Valenkov worked fruitfully in Yekaterinburg with this style. In the 1960s, changes in the approach to construction led to widespread distribution of apartment blocks common in the Khrushchev era . Buildings built by individuals were rare, among them being: KKT "Kosmos", the Palace of Youth, and DK UZTM. [182]

From the 1960s to the 1980s, as industrial development grew in Yekaterinburg, so did rationalism . The situation changed in the 1990s when Russia transferred into a market economy. At that time, older buildings were restored, giving the urban area a new environment such as: the Cosmos Concert Hall, the Puppet Theater, the children's ballet theatre The Nutcracker, the Palace of Justice, the Cathedral of the Blood, and the Church of the Transfiguration . At the same time, the construction of new buildings was accompanied by the demolition of historical buildings, leading to the development of the "facade" phenomenon, where the facades of historic buildings are preserved while adjacent modern buildings are built. [183]

The centre of Yekaterinburg became the centre of new construction, where banks, business centres, hotels, luxury residential complexes, and sports and shopping centres were built. High-tech architecture grew influential, with buildings such as the Center for Railway Transportation Management, the Summit business centre, the Aquamarine residential complex, and the retail strip at Vaynera Street being notable examples. Along with this, postmodernism revived interest in the older architectural styles of Yekaterinburg, growing more emphasis on historicalism and contextualism. In the late 1990s, architects grew interested in regionalism . [183]

At the beginning of the 21st century, Yekaterinburg architects turned back to the Soviet-based avant-garde, and influence future city buildings with the neoconstructivist style. The practice of attracting large foreign investors to projects has become popular. In 2007, the construction of the Central business district started, being headed by the French architect Jean Pistre. [183] In 2010, Yekaterinburg became one of the largest centers for the construction of High-rise buildings. In the city, 1,189 high-rise buildings were built, including 20 skyscrapers, the tallest of which is the Iset Tower , with a height of 209 meters. [184]

Yekaterinburg is also a leading sports centre in Russia. A large number of well-known athletes, both world and Olympics champions, are associated with the city. Since 1952, Yekaterinburg athletes have won 137 medals at the Olympic Games (46 gold, 60 silver and 31 bronze). In the 2008 Summer Olympics , 8 residents of Yekaterinburg returned with medals (1 gold, 3 silver and 4 bronze). [185]

In 1965, Yekaterinburg (as Sverdlovsk), along with a number of Russian cities, hosted the Bandy World Championship . In 2018, Yekaterinburg was one of the 11 Russian cities that hosted the 2018 FIFA World Cup. The matches were played on the upgraded Yekaterinburg Arena (called Central Stadium before the World Cup). [186]

Yekaterinburg has a total of 1728 sports facilities, including 16 stadiums with stands, 440 indoor gyms and 45 swimming pools. There are 38 sports children's and youth schools for reserves for the Olympic Games, in which more than 30,000 people are participating. [187]

Sport clubs

Yekaterinburg has many professional sports clubs in sports such as volleyball, basketball, futsal , bandy , and ice hockey for both women and men. Bandy club SKA-Sverdlovsk , women's volleyball club VC Uralochka-NTMK , women's basketball club UMMC Yekaterinburg , and futsal club MFK Sinara Yekaterinburg were among the best teams in Russia and Europe.

2018 FIFA World Cup

Yekaterinburg hosted four matches of the 2018 FIFA World Cup [59] Yekaterinburg is one of the 11 Russian cities that hosted the 2018 FIFA World Cup. The matches were played on the upgraded Yekaterinburg Arena . [186]

For the World Cup 2018, from 7 October 2015 to 29 December 2017, the Central Stadium was upgraded to bring it into compliance with FIFA requirements for the World Cup and was renamed Yekaterinburg Arena. The architectural concept of the new stadium is built on a combination of historical walls and the built-in core of the modern arena. During the reconstruction of the sports facility, which is a monument of history and culture, the facades are carefully preserved, and the arena itself is equipped with the latest technical achievements of the sports industry. Temporary stands extending outside the stadium's original perimeter were erected to comply with the FIFA requirement of seating for 35,000 spectators. They can hold a total of 12,000 spectators, but the seating will be removed after the World Cup, decreasing the seating capacity back to 23,000. [188] [189]

The FIFA Fan Fest in Yekaterinburg is located in the Mayakovsky Central Park of Entertainment and Culture. Located just outside the city centre in a popular and well-known amusement park, it will have a capacity to hold 17,000 people. [190]

Koltsovo Airport was also reconstructed and had a second runway built. In addition, work was done to prepare another passenger terminal, modernize the technical infrastructure, and launch the business aviation hangar. The airport's capacity in preparation for the World Cup has increased to two thousand people per hour. The street and road network was also upgraded. [191]

The United States, [192] United Kingdom, [193] Germany, [194] France, [195] China [196] and several other countries have consulates in Yekaterinburg.

The BRIC countries met for their first official summit on 16 June 2009, in Yekaterinburg, [197] with Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , Dmitry Medvedev , Manmohan Singh , and Hu Jintao , the respective leaders of Brazil, Russia, India and China, all attending.

The foreign ministers of the BRIC countries had also met in Yekaterinburg previously on 16 May 2008.

In June 2013, at the 153rd General Assembly of the Bureau of International Expositions held in Paris, representatives from Yekaterinburg presented the city's bid to host the 2020 World Expo . Yekaterinburg's concept for the upcoming exhibition relates to the impact of globalisation on the modern world.

Russian President Vladimir Putin confirmed during a televised statement in English to earmark the required funds to build an exhibition complex large enough to receive the estimated 30 million visitors from more than 150 countries. [198]

Yekaterinburg later bid for the Expo 2025 . Yekaterinburg's concept for the bid exhibition relates to the technologies to make people happy by changing the world with innovation and quality of life. The host was announced on 23 November 2018 and Yekaterinburg lost out to Osaka, Japan.

Yekaterinburg hosted the Global Summit on Manufacturing and Industrialization (GMIS — 2019) GMIS under the auspices of the United Nations. [199] The annual INNOPROM exhibition is among the five largest industrial exhibitions in the world. [200]

Yekaterinburg is twinned with: [201]

• Anton Bakov , Leader of the Monarchist Party
• Irina Antonenko , Miss Russia 2010
• Aleksei Balabanov , film director, screenwriter, producer
• Vera Bazarova , pairs figure skater
• Pavel Bazhov , folklorist and children's author
• Old Man Bukashkin , artist and poet
• Pavel Datsyuk , ice hockey player
• Nikolay Durakov , bandy legend
• Chiang Fang-liang , former first lady of Taiwan
• Aleksey Fedorchenko , film director, producer
• Denis Galimzyanov , sprinter cyclist
• Anna Gavrilenko , Group rhythmic gymnast Olympic Gold medalist
• Nikolay Karpol , national women volleyball team coach
• Nikolai Khabibulin , ice hockey player
• Alexei Yashin , ice hockey player
• Alexei Khvostenko , avant-garde poet, singer-songwriter, artist, and sculptor
• Nikolay Kolyada , actor, director, writer, playwright, and playwriting teacher
• Ilya Kormiltsev , poet, translator, publisher
• Olga Kotlyarova , Olympic runner
• Maxim Kovtun , figure skater
• Vladislav Krapivin , children's author
• Valeria Savinykh , WTA Professional player
• Nikolay Krasovsky , mathematician
• Yulia Lipnitskaya , figure skater
• Iskander Makhmudov , businessman
• Vladimir Malakhov , ice hockey player
• Gennady Mesyats , vice-president of the Russian Academy of Sciences
• Maxim Miroshkin , pairs figure skater
• Vladimir Mulyavin (1941 – 2003), Belarusian musician and the founder of the folk-rock band Pesniary [202]
• Alfia Nazmutdinova , rhythmic gymnast
• Ernst Neizvestny , sculptor
• Oleg Platonov , writer, historian, and economist
• Daria Pridannikova , rhythmic gymnast
• Eduard Rossel , ex-governor of Sverdlovsk Oblast
• Boris Ryzhy , poet
• Mikhail Shchennikov , race walker
• Vera Sessina , rhythmic gymnast
• Georgy Shishkin , painter
• Vassily Sigarev , playwright, screenwriter, film director
• Anastasiia Tatareva , Group rhythmic gymnast Olympic Gold medalist
• Sergei Tchepikov , Olympic biathlon competitor
• Vladimir Tretyakov , ex-rector of the Ural State University
• Lev Vainshtein , Olympic shooter
• Sergei Vonsovsky , physicist
• Alexander Dudoladov , writer
• Alexander Malinin , singer
• Petr Yan , Former UFC Bantamweight Champion
• A ballistic missile submarine of the Project 667BDRM Delfin class ( NATO reporting name: Delta IV ) is named Ekaterinburg (K-84/"807") in honour of the city.
• The asteroid 27736 Ekaterinburg was named in the city's honour on 1 June 2007.

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Sverdlovsk Oblast is a federal subject of Russia located in the Ural Federal District. Its administrative center is the city of Yekaterinburg, formerly known as Sverdlovsk. Its population is 4,268,998.

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• 1 2 3 4 5 6 Law #30-OZ
• 1 2 3 Haywood, A. J. (2010). Siberia: A Cultural History , Oxford University Press, p.   32
• ↑ Charter of Yekaterinburg, Article   24.1
• ↑ Official website of Yekaterinburg. Alexander Edmundovich Yakob, Head of Administration of the City of Yekaterinburg Archived 12 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
• ↑ "Проект о внесении изменений в Генеральный план развития городского округа – муниципального образования «город Екатеринбург» на период до 2025 года" (in Russian). p.   168. [ permanent dead link ]
• 1 2 Federal State Statistics Service (21 May 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов   – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3   тысячи и более человек [ Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000 ] (XLS) . Всероссийская перепись населения 2002   года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
• ↑ "Federal State Statistic Service" . Government of Russia. 1 January 2024 . Retrieved 6 June 2024 .
• 1 2 Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации.   №ОК 019-95   1 января 1997 г. « Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код   65 401 », в ред. изменения №278/2015 от   1 января 2016 г.. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification.   # OK 019-95   January   1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division (OKATO). Code   65 401 , as amended by the Amendment   # 278/2015 of   January   1, 2016. ).
• 1 2 3 Law #85-OZ
• ↑ "Об исчислении времени" . Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011 . Retrieved 19 January 2019 .
• 1 2 "Срок регистрации домена закончился" . www.ekaterinburg.com . Archived from the original on 21 January 2013 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 .
• ↑ Upton, Clive ; Kretzschmar, William A. Jr. (2017). The Routledge Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English (2nd   ed.). Routledge. p.   1552. ISBN   978-1-138-12566-7 .
• ↑ "RUSSIA: Ural'skij Federal'nyj Okrug: Ural Federal District" . City Population.de . 4 August 2020 . Retrieved 2 October 2020 .
• ↑ "Рейтинг столичных городов России от Фонда "Институт экономики города" " . Urbaneconomics.ru .
• ↑ Kolossov, Vladimir; Eckert, Denis (1 January 2007). "Russian regional capitals as new international actors: the case of Yekaterinburg and Rostov" . Belgeo (1): 115–132. doi : 10.4000/belgeo.11686 .
• ↑ "Central Asian Chapter by Eurasian Respiratory and Allergy Consortium" . Era-cac.org . Archived from the original on 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 1 June 2018 .
• ↑ "Yekaterinburg - Entertainment - Russia.com" . Russia.com .
• ↑ "Конструктивизм. Жемчужина архитектуры Екатеринбурга" . www.e1.ru (in Russian). 16 January 2018 . Retrieved 21 December 2021 .
• ↑ "Как Екатеринбург за 10 лет стал столицей конструктивизма" . Strelka Mag (in Russian). Archived from the original on 5 March 2021 . Retrieved 21 December 2021 .
• ↑ Урал, Наш (19 May 2016). "Советская утопия: эпоха конструктивизма в Екатеринбурге" . Наш Урал (in Russian) . Retrieved 21 December 2021 .
• ↑ "Все кругом храпят, а Екатеринбург — пробужденный Когда уральский город объявил себя российской столицей стрит-арта, многие смеялись. А потом он стал ею" . Meduza (in Russian) . Retrieved 21 December 2021 .
• ↑ "Как Екатеринбург становится столицей стрит-арта" . Российская газета (in Russian). 16 April 2019 . Retrieved 21 December 2021 .
• ↑ "Екатеринбург – столица стрит-арта. Часть первая" . www.uralweb.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 3 March 2021 . Retrieved 21 December 2021 .
• ↑ "Памятникик археологии" . 1723.ru . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• 1 2 "1.2. Палкинские каменные палатки. Проект 1. | "Образование Урала" " . uraledu.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 5 April 2012 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ ГАМАЮНСКАЯ КУЛЬТУРА – Уральская Историческая Энциклопедия . ural.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 22 July 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Екатеринбург" . Геральдика Свердловской области . Официальный сайт областной думы законодательного собрания. Archived from the original on 8 March 2013 . Retrieved 6 December 2009 .
• ↑ Юрий, Коновалов (26 March 2004). "Первые русские поселения на реке Уктус" . www.okorneva.ru (in Russian) . Retrieved 7 June 2024 .
• 1 2 Кулешов, Николай (2001). "Горных заводов щит" . Домострой (4).
• ↑ Архипова, Нина (2001). "Тайны "превысочайшего Камня" ". Родина (11).
• ↑ Корепанов Н. С. Уктус — исток Екатеринбурга — Екатеринбург: Грачёв и партнёры, 2012. — 40 экз. — ISBN 978-5-91256-129-0
• 1 2 3 4 5 Юхт, Александр (1985). Государственная деятельность В. Н. Татищева в 20-е — начале 30-х годов XVIII века (in Russian). Moscow: Наука .
• ↑ "Библиотека истории: Ремесло историка в России – Бердинских В.А." history-library.com . Archived from the original on 1 April 2019 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ Завод-крепость – История основания Екатеринбурга – Информационный портал Екатеринбурга . ekburg.ru (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• 1 2 "Основание Екатеринбурга" . Histrf.ru . Retrieved 20 February 2022 .
• ↑ Металлургические заводы Урала XVII—XX вв.: Энциклопедия / глав. ред. В. В. Алексеев. — Екатеринбург   : Издательство «Академкнига», 2001.
• 1 2 ipravo.info. "О ликвидации Баженовского и Сысертского районов Уральской области и о расширении городской черты и пригородной зоны города Свердловска – Российский Правовой Портал" (in Russian). ipravo.info. Archived from the original on 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 .
• 1 2 "History of the Verkh-Isetsky district" . Administration of Verkh-Isetsky district . Archived from the original on 16 December 2021 . Retrieved 7 June 2024 .
• ↑ "Золотой век Екатеринбурга" . Уралнаш. Интересно о Екатеринбурге . 9 October 2019. Archived from the original on 14 August 2021 . Retrieved 15 August 2021 .
• ↑ "50 интересных фактов об Екатеринбурге — Общенет" . obshe.net . Retrieved 15 August 2021 .
• ↑ Massie, Robert K. (22 February 2012). The Romanovs: The Final Chapter . Random House Publishing Group. ISBN   9780307873866 .
• ↑ "FSU News" . fsu.edu . Retrieved 15 May 2018 .
• 1 2 3 История Екатеринбурга – Информационный портал Екатеринбурга . ekburg.ru (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Временное Областное Правительство Урала – Энциклопедия Екатеринбурга – Энциклопедии & Словари" . enc-dic.com . Archived from the original on 20 May 2018 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ Главная: НОВОСТИ . familii.ru (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Справочник по административно-территориальному делению Свердловской области" (PDF) . ГАСО (State Archive of the Sverdlovsk oblast). p.   37. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2017 . Retrieved 2 February 2013 .
• ↑ Rappaport, Helen (1999). Joseph Stalin: A Biographical Companion . ABC-CLIO. ISBN   978-1-57607-084-0 .
• ↑ Беркович Артём. "Пермь и Екатеринбург: история соперничества" . Муниципальный музей истории Екатеринбурга. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013 . Retrieved 16 December 2009 .
• ↑ In the name of Victory. Sverdlovsk-Yekaterinburg during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945 . 2005 – via Ekaterinburg: Institute of History and Archeology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
• ↑ "Свердловск – 1983 год" . 1723.ru . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Интервью – АПИ-Урал" . apiural.ru . Retrieved 15 May 2018 .
• ↑ "President Yeltsin speaks about Tsar Murder" . BBC News . 17 July 1998 . Retrieved 4 April 2012 .
• ↑ Matthew S. Meselson, et al., "The Sverdlovsk Anthrax Outbreak of 1979", Science 266:5188 (18 November 1994): 1202–1208.
• ↑ Martin McCauley, "Who's who in Russia since 1900", Routledge , 1997: p.133.
• ↑ Ровно 18 лет назад Свердловск снова стал Екатеринбургом . Официальный портал Екатеринбурга (in Russian). Archived from the original on 16 April 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2018 .
• ↑ "О возвращении городу Свердловску его исторического названия Екатеринбург, Указ Президиума Верховного Совета РСФСР от 23 сентября 1991 года №1674-1" . docs.cntd.ru . Retrieved 15 May 2018 .
• ↑ (www.dw.com), Deutsche Welle. "First BRIC summit concludes | DW | 16 June 2009" . DW.COM . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• 1 2 FIFA.com. "2018 FIFA World Cup Russia" . fifa.com . Archived from the original on 12 April 2014 . Retrieved 23 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Russia moves to year-round winter time" . BBC News . 22 July 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• 1 2 3 Грязнов Олег Николаевич; Гуляев Александр Николаевич; Рубан Наталья Валентиновна (2015). "Факторы инженерно-геологических условий города Екатеринбурга" . Izvestiia Uralʹskogo Gorno-Geologicheskoĭ Akademii (журнал) (3) (Известия Уральского государственного горного университета   ed.). Екатеринбург: Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Уральский государственный горный университет": 5–21. ISSN   2307-2091 .
• ↑ Погода и Климат – Климат Екатеринбург [ Weather and Climate – The Climate of Yekaterinburg ] (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат) . Retrieved 8 November 2021 .
• ↑ "WMO Climate Normals for Sverdlovsk 1961–1990" . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 29 October 2021 .
• ↑ Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [ 2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1 ] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service .
• ↑ "Национальный состав населения" (PDF) . Территориальный орган Федеральной службы государственной статистики по Свердловской области и Курганской области . Retrieved 7 June 2023 .
• ↑ "В Екатеринбурге заложили первый камень в основание соборной мечети – Уральская палата недвижимости" . upn.ru . Archived from the original on 10 October 2012 . Retrieved 5 October 2017 .
• ↑ "Четвертый канал" . channel4.ru . Archived from the original on 20 December 2010 . Retrieved 5 October 2017 .
• ↑ "Встреча Святейшего Патриарха Кирилла с общественностью Уральского федерального округа / Видеоматериалы / Патриархия.ru" . Патриархия.ru (in Russian) . Retrieved 18 October 2017 .
• ↑ "Устав Свердловской области (с изменениями на 7 декабря 2017 года), Устав Свердловской области от 23 декабря 2010 года №105-ОЗ, Закон Свердловской области от 23 декабря 2010 года №105-ОЗ" . docs.cntd.ru . Retrieved 2 May 2018 .
• 1 2 "Закон Свердловской области Губернатора Свердловской области № 141-ОЗ" . www.pravo.gov66.ru . Retrieved 12 March 2022 .
• 1 2 "Закон Свердловской области от 18.02.2021 № 9-ОЗ ∙ Официальное опубликование правовых актов ∙ Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации" . publication.pravo.gov.ru . Archived from the original on 12 March 2022 . Retrieved 12 March 2022 .
• 1 2 The population of the Russian Federation for municipalities as of 1 January 2019 Archived 16 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine (2 May 2019)
• ↑ "К 2023 году население Академического района вырастет до 120 тысяч человек" . Новый День (in Russian). 27 March 2019 . Retrieved 12 March 2022 .
• 1 2 "Chapter IV. Bodies and officials of local self-government of the municipality "city of Yekaterinburg" " . екатеринбург.рф . 25 July 2017. Archived from the original on 26 June 2016 . Retrieved 19 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации" . publication.pravo.gov.ru .
• 1 2 "Вы точно человек?" . КиберЛенинка . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• 1 2 "О внесении изменений в Устав муниципального образования "город Екатеринбург", Решение Екатеринбургской городской Думы Свердловской области от 12 октября 2010 года №62/29" . docs.cntd.ru .
• ↑ Article 42 of the Charter of Sverdlovsk Oblast
• ↑ "О ПРЕОБРАЗОВАНИИ И РЕОРГАНИЗАЦИИ АДМИНИСТРАЦИИ СВЕРДЛОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ (с изменениями на: 06.02.1997), Постановление Правительства Свердловской области от 27 сентября 1995 года №13-П" . docs.cntd.ru .
• ↑ "Сведения о проводящихся выборах и референдумах" . sverdlovsk.vybory.izbirkom.ru . Archived from the original on 22 September 2013 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Voting results for the Federal Electoral District – Election of Deputies of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of the Seventh Convocation – September 18, 2016" . CEC. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Российские города отстают в развитии" . НИУ ВШЭ . 28 August 2014. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017 . Retrieved 7 July 2016 .
• ↑ "Urban world: Mapping the economic power of cities" . McKinsey Global Institute . March 2011. Archived from the original on 2 April 2024 . Retrieved 7 July 2016 .
• ↑ "Рейтинг столичных городов России от Фонда "Институт экономики города" | Институт экономики города" . urbaneconomics.ru . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ Economics of Russian cities and urban agglomeration , Institute for Urban Economics
• 1 2 Алексей Белоусов, Орнат Валентина. (13 October 2015). "Екатеринбург – глобальный город" . Мегаполис. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016 . Retrieved 7 July 2016 .
• ↑ Зубаревич Н.В. (2013). "Крупные города России: лидеры и аутсайдеры" (PDF) . Demoskop Weekly (журнал) (551–552) (Демоскоп Weekly   ed.). М.: НИУ ВШЭ: 1–17. ISSN   1726-2887 .
• ↑ "Екатеринбург вошел в топ-10 городов с самым высоким уровнем жизни" . JustMedia . 17 December 2014 . Retrieved 14 May 2018 .
• 1 2 3 "Results of social and economic development of the municipal formation "city of Yekaterinburg" in 2015" . 2016. p.   202 – via Ekaterinburg: Department of Economics of the Administration of the City of Yekaterinburg.
• ↑ "Итоги социально-экономического развития Екатеринбурга" . Archived from the original on 2 December 2020 . Retrieved 19 October 2022 .
• ↑ Дарья Воронина. (19 June 2013). "Главными проблемами Екатеринбурга назвали медицину, ЖКХ и дороги" . Российская газета . Retrieved 7 July 2016 .
• ↑ Юлия Позднякова. (22 April 2016). "Расходы бюджета Екатеринбурга за 2015 год составили почти 33 млрд рублей" . Коммерсантъ . Retrieved 7 July 2016 .
• ↑ Полина Путякова. (30 August 2016). "Меряемся бюджетами: Откуда города берут деньги и на что тратят" . zvzda.ru. Archived from the original on 2 September 2016 . Retrieved 7 July 2016 .
• 1 2 3 Kachanova E.A. Strategic Priorities for the formation of finance for municipalities in the context of reforming the budgetary system Archived 15 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine , – Moscow: Russian Academy of National Economy and State Service under the President of the Russian Federation, 2013. – 354 p.
• ↑ Vyacheslav, Kostyuk (12 December 2014). "His alien" . The Ural Worker . Archived from the original on 10 April 2018 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Крупнейшие банки России по капиталу" . Журнал "Коммерсантъ Деньги" . 25 July 2016. p.   60 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Крупнейшие производители ПО" .
• ↑ "О распределении обязанностей по контролю и надзору за соблюдением законодательства Российской Федерации организациями, осуществляющими профессиональную деятельность на рынке ценных бумаг, деятельность центрального депозитария, деятельность по проведению организованных торгов, клиринговую деятельность и деятельность центрального контрагента, репозитарную деятельность, а также деятельность саморегулируемых организаций в сфере финансового рынка, объединяющих профессиональных участников рынка ценных бумаг, и об отмене отдельных распорядительных актов Банка России, Приказ Банка России от 07 августа 2017 года №ОД-2228" . docs.cntd.ru .
• ↑ "Падающие пиксели и огромный шар: как может выглядеть "Екатеринбург-Сити" " . РБК Недвижимость . 13 September 2016 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ Development results, 2016 , pg 76
• ↑ "ТОП-100 крупнейших предприятий Свердловской области Екатеринбург" . Деловой квартал. 11 October 2011 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 .
• ↑ "ИТОГИ социально-экономического развития муниципального образования «город Екатеринбург» в 2019 году" . Archived from the original on 29 November 2020 . Retrieved 19 October 2022 .
• ↑ Development results, 2016 , p. 127–128
• 1 2 Development results, 2016 , p. 129
• ↑ "Леруа Мерлен" . Archived from the original on 18 October 2021 . Retrieved 27 April 2020 .
• ↑ "Castorama – строительный гипермаркет: купить товары для дома, дачи и ремонта" . Castorama.ru . Retrieved 20 February 2022 .
• ↑ "Домострой" . Archived from the original on 30 July 2019 . Retrieved 27 April 2020 .
• ↑ "Максидом - интернет-магазин товаров для дома" . www.maxidom.ru . Retrieved 20 February 2022 .
• ↑ "ОБИ строительный гипермаркет: товары для дачи, сада, дома и ремонта: каталог ОБИ" . Obi.ru . Retrieved 20 February 2022 .
• ↑ "Строительный Двор – интернет-магазин стройматериалов, купить с доставкой строительные материалы в магазинах сети" . Sdvor.com . Archived from the original on 13 May 2020 . Retrieved 20 February 2022 .
• ↑ Development results, 2016 , pg 130
• ↑ Development results, 2016 , pg 131–132
• ↑ Development results, 2016 , pg 133–135
• ↑ "Топ-20 самых больших торговых центров РФ" . marketmedia.ru (in Russian) . Retrieved 11 December 2021 .
• ↑ "Сима-Ленд" . 20 October 2016.
• ↑ Вячеславовна, Логунцова Ирина (2015). "Специфика и перспективы Российской индустрии туризма на современном этапе" . Государственное управление. Электронный вестник (52): 259–278.
• ↑ Геннадьевич, Шеломенцев Андрей; Сергеевна, Головина Анна (2011). "Индустрия туризма региона в контексте принципов саморегулирования региональных социально-экономических систем" . Экономика региона (1): 166–170. ISSN   2072-6414 .
• ↑ Екатеринбург поднялся на третье место в топе российских городов по популярности среди иностранных туристов . URBC.RU – новости экономики (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Число посетивших Екатеринбург туристов выросло в 2015 году на 10%" . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Туристический мастер-класс" . expert.ru . Archived from the original on 13 September 2016 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ Маренков Г.В. (2012). "Транспортная инфраструктура Свердловской области – связующее звено между Европой и Азией" (PDF) . Инфраструктура России (Том 1   ed.). М.: Центр стратегического партнёрства. pp.   254–260. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2018 . Retrieved 8 October 2017 .
• ↑ Мальцева Ю.; Волкова М.В. (2015). "Изучение возможности постройки современного экологического жилья в Свердловской области" (PDF) (сборник трудов IX заочной международной научно-практической конференции (Екатеринбург, 30–31 мая 2015 г.)) (Система управления экологической безопасностью   ed.). Екатеринбург: УрФУ. pp.   138–141.
• ↑ Ведомости (10 March 2015). "Автопарк России увеличился в 2014 году на 1 млн легковых машин" . Retrieved 8 October 2017 .
• ↑ "Вы точно человек?" . КиберЛенинка . Retrieved 8 October 2017 .
• 1 2 "ИТОГИ социально-экономического развития муниципального образования в 2015 году" . 2016. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021 . Retrieved 7 July 2022 .
• ↑ Цариков А.А.; Обухова Н.А.; Оглы Мирзоев Н.З. (2015). "Эволюция системы заторов на улично-дорожной сети города Екатеринбурга" (PDF) (журнал) (Эксплуатация автомобильного транспорта   ed.). Екатеринбург: Общероссийская общественная организация "Российская академия транспорта". pp.   74–86. ISSN   2311-164X . Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2016 . Retrieved 8 October 2017 .
• ↑ Reports, Yekaterinburg News. "Sverdlovsk focusing on two road projects" . Archived from the original on 6 October 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 .
• ↑ Крицкий В.П. (2009). "Дорожное хозяйство Екатеринбурга" (PDF) . Дороги России-2009. Информационно-аналитический каталог (Издание второе, подготовлено к IХ Международной выставке-форуму "Дороги России XXI века" и Дню работников дорожного хозяйства 3000 экз   ed.). Екатеринбург: Информационно-издательский холдинг "Реал-Медиа". pp.   204–205, 302. ISBN   978-5-98266-061-9 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2018 . Retrieved 8 October 2017 .
• ↑ "Google Maps" . Google Maps . Retrieved 1 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Скандальный бывший МУП Мирошника лидер сферы общественного транспорта Екатеринбурга? По данным мэрии, именно трамваи перевезли больше всего горожан за 2015 год" . Ведомости-Урал. 18 March 2016. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 .
• ↑ "БГД" . gks.ru . Archived from the original on 20 May 2016 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 .
• ↑ "Города Свердловской области" . gks.ru . Archived from the original on 10 July 2009 . Retrieved 8 October 2017 .
• ↑ "Основные технико-эксплуатационные характеристики метрополитенов за 2015 год" (PDF) . asmetro.ru. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 .
• ↑ Дмитрий Ольшванг. (18 March 2016). "Проблемы екатеринбургского метро: убытки, снижение пассажиропотока! Общественник Беззуб: "Если учитывать стоимость строительства станций, то цена билета на метро должна быть 144 рубля"..." Ведомости-Урал. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 .
• ↑ "Шины для трамваев, бензин для поездов. Документы: на что транспортные МУПы Екатеринбурга тратят деньги" . uralpolit.ru . Retrieved 13 March 2014 .
• ↑ "Города Свердловской области" . gks.ru . Archived from the original on 30 June 2013 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 .
• ↑ "Строительство трамвайной линии Екатеринбург – Верхняя Пышма начнут в 2016 году" . Портал 66.ru. 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 .
• ↑ "Официальный портал Екатеринбурга" . Официальный портал Екатеринбурга . Retrieved 18 October 2017 .
• 1 2 "Города Свердловской области" . gks.ru . Archived from the original on 10 July 2009 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 .
• ↑ Автобусный парк Екатеринбурга утепляют к зиме . УралИнформБюро (in Russian) . Retrieved 18 October 2017 .
• ↑ "Более 5,4 миллионов пассажиров обслужил аэропорт Кольцово в 2017 году   (АвиаПорт)" . АвиаПорт.Ru (in Russian) . Retrieved 1 May 2018 .
• ↑ "БГД" . gks.ru . Archived from the original on 15 June 2009 . Retrieved 25 May 2018 .
• 1 2 According to the city directory Dubl.
• ↑ Уральский научно-исследовательский институт фтизиопульмонологии – филиал ФГБУ "НМИЦ ФПИ" Минздрава России . urniif.ru (in Russian) . Retrieved 25 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Официальный сайт ГБУ СО "Уральский научно-исследовательский институт дерматовенерологии и иммунопатологии" " . urniidvi.ru . Retrieved 25 May 2018 .
• ↑ Екатеринбургский центр МНТК "Микрохирургия глаза" . eyeclinic.ru (in Russian) . Retrieved 25 May 2018 .
• ↑ Открытие второго центра МРТ-диагностики в городе Екатеринбурге! . ekaterinburg.ldc.ru (in Russian) . Retrieved 25 May 2018 .
• 1 2 М.м, Рогалёва (2014). "Екатеринбург как современный мегаполис" . Человек в мире культуры (4): 14–17. ISSN   2227-9857 .
• ↑ Report of the head of the Yekaterinburg administration, 2016 Archived 5 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine , p. 14.
• ↑ Report of the head of the Yekaterinburg administration, 2016 Archived 5 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine , p. 13, 15.
• ↑ Лучшие школы России-2015 . РИА Новости (in Russian). 12 October 2015 . Retrieved 22 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Общие сведения об университете – ФГБОУ ВО "Уральский государственный горный университет" " . about.ursmu.ru . Archived from the original on 7 July 2016 . Retrieved 22 May 2018 .
• ↑ The second business rating of higher education Archived 29 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine – Federal Portal Russian Education, 22 May 2018
• ↑ Formation of the state elite 2008 Archived 5 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine – Federal Portal Russian Education, 22 May 2018
• ↑ "Российская академия наук намерена готовить кадры самостоятельно | Новости образования | Обучение Екатеринбург" . uchim66.ru . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 May 2018 .
• ↑ "УрФУ перестраивается в школы" . Коммерсантъ (Екатеринбург) . 22 April 2016 . Retrieved 22 May 2018 .
• ↑ "По количеству бюджетных мест мы уже обошли МГУ" . 7 April 2021.
• ↑ "Ural Federal University – UrFU" .
• ↑ Case study: Ural Federal University as a basic university of industry in the region Archived 1 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine . – Ekaterinburg: Ural Federal University, 2016. – p. 2, 9–10.
• ↑ "Гильдия издателей периодической печати" . 18 September 2011. Archived from the original on 18 September 2011 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 .
• ↑ "Welcome media-atlas.ru - BlueHost.com" . www.media-atlas.ru . Archived from the original on 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 .
• ↑ Официальный сайт "Вести Урал" – Официальный сайт "Вести Урал" . Официальный сайт "Вести Урал" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 16 July 2012 . Retrieved 22 May 2018 .
• ↑ Вальханская, Наталья (24 March 2018). Взрыв и обрушение: снос телебашни в Екатеринбурге на видео очевидцев . Телеканал "Звезда" (in Russian) . Retrieved 22 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Тёмная башня" . 1723.ru . Retrieved 22 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Uralnets" . uralnets.ru . Retrieved 26 February 2022 .
• ↑ Fletcher, Martin. "Yekaterinburg signs cooperative agreement with Vimpelcom under Beeline brand" Archived 22 July 2013 at archive.today , Yekateringburg News , 19 July 2013. (Retrieved 22 July 2013).
• ↑ "WiseCms – troubles..." culture.ekburg.ru . Archived from the original on 11 July 2012 . Retrieved 24 May 2018 .
• ↑ "WiseCms – troubles..." Culture.ekburg.ru . Archived from the original on 19 January 2011 . Retrieved 24 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Триумф России на Всемирной выставке в Париже 1900 года – Новости РуАН" . новости-россии.ru-an.info . Retrieved 20 February 2022 .
• ↑ Lykova TR   Cultural and historical centres of the Sverdlovsk region Archived 11 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine   // method. instructions for studying the course "Cultural and Historical Centres of the Urals" for full-time or part-time students, direction 100400 – Tourism. – Ekaterinburg: UGLTU, 2014. – P. 15-16 .
• ↑ "Главная страница - АПИ-Урал" . www.apiural.ru . Retrieved 26 February 2022 .
• ↑ "Архитектура и планировка социалистического Свердловска. Часть 2" . 1723.ru . Retrieved 24 May 2018 .
• ↑ Вейн, Инна (10 November 2020). "Уральские актеры и режиссеры привезли домой сразу четыре "Золотые маски" " . Ekb.dk.ru (in Russian) . Retrieved 15 August 2021 .
• ↑ Fletcher, Martin. "Yekaterinburg to showcase city’s cultural achievements during Year of Culture" Archived 13 February 2014 at archive.today . Yekaterinburg News . 13 February 2014. (Retrieved 13 Feb 2014).
• ↑ Pozdnyakova, Julia (27 May 2016). "Sverdlovsk Oblast was in the picture" . Kommersant . Retrieved 24 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Интервью - АПИ-Урал" . www.apiural.ru . Retrieved 26 February 2022 .
• ↑ "Премией "Шаривари" отметили лучших деятелей циркового искусства – В МИРЕ ЦИРКА И ЭСТРАДЫ" . ruscircus.ru . Retrieved 25 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Ельцин Центр признали «лучшим европейским музеем 2017 года»" . The Village (in Russian) . Retrieved 15 August 2021 .
• ↑ Самые популярные достопримечательности Екатеринбурга соединит красная линия на тротуаре . Interfax-Russia.ru (in Russian). 17 June 2011 . Retrieved 25 May 2018 .
• 1 2 Yekaterinburg Encyclopedia (PDF) . Yekaterinburg: "Akademkniga". 2002. p.   30. ISBN   5-93472-068-6 – via PDF.
• ↑ Yekaterinburg Encyclopedia (PDF) . Yekaterinburg: "Akademkniga". 2002. pp.   30–31. ISBN   5-93472-068-6 – via PDF.
• ↑ Yekaterinburg Encyclopedia (PDF) . Yekaterinburg: "Akademkniga". 2002. p.   31. ISBN   5-93472-068-6 – via PDF.
• 1 2 3 Shvets, A. V. (2016). "Domestic architecture of the late XX – early XXI century" (PDF) . New Ideas of the New Century: Scientific. Compilation . 2 . Khabarovsk: Pacific State University: 355–362. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2016 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 – via PDF.
• ↑ GmbH, Emporis. "Yekaterinburg | Buildings | EMPORIS" . Emporis . Archived from the original on 8 April 2015 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: unfit URL ( link )
• ↑ "Официальный портал Екатеринбурга" . Официальный портал Екатеринбурга . Archived from the original on 8 August 2010 . Retrieved 22 May 2018 .
• 1 2 "The announcement ceremony of the host cities of the 2018 World Cup united the whole of Russia" . ru.fifa.com . Archived from the original on 3 September 2014 . Retrieved 23 May 2018 .
• ↑ "База данных показателей муниципальных образований" . gks.ru . Archived from the original on 14 August 2009 . Retrieved 23 May 2018 .
• ↑ sport, Guardian (4 October 2017). "Outer space: the Russia World Cup stadium with a novel seating extension" . the Guardian . Retrieved 23 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Construction: Tsentralnyj Stadion Yekaterinburg – StadiumDB.com" . stadiumdb.com . Retrieved 23 May 2018 .
• ↑ FIFA.com. "2018 FIFA World Cup Russia - News - FIFA Fan Fest venues announced for 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia" . fifa.com . Retrieved 23 May 2018 .
• ↑ Azmukhanov, Alexander (3 May 2018). "The three most expensive projects of the region for the World Cup" . Oblastnaya Gazeta . Retrieved 22 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Official website of the U.S. Consulate General in Yekaterinburg" . Archived from the original on 8 April 2012 . Retrieved 19 April 2012 .
• ↑ "Official website of the British Consulate General in Yekaterinburg" . Archived from the original on 3 January 2012 . Retrieved 19 April 2012 .
• ↑ "Official website of the German Consulate General in Yekaterinburg" . Retrieved 19 April 2012 .
• ↑ "Official website of the French Consulate General in Yekaterinburg" . Archived from the original on 29 April 2012 . Retrieved 19 April 2012 .
• ↑ "Chinese Consulate General in Yekaterinburg" . Retrieved 7 September 2013 .
• ↑ "First summit for emerging giants" . BBC News . 16 June 2009 . Retrieved 16 June 2009 .
• ↑ Hamilton, Louis (18 June 2013). "Yekaterinburg presents city's bid for 2020 World Expo" . Yekaterinburg News. Archived from the original on 27 November 2013 . Retrieved 20 June 2013 .
• ↑ "Глобальный саммит по производству и индустриализации (GMIS – 2019)" . Росконгресс . Retrieved 12 December 2021 .
• ↑ КИРЯГИН, Кирилл (22 July 2015). "ИННОПРОМ – в пятёрке крупнейших промышленных выставок мира" . ural.aif.ru (in Russian) . Retrieved 12 December 2021 .
• ↑ "Побратимы и тезки Екатеринбурга" . ekb-room.ru (in Russian). The Ekb Room. 20 October 2014. Archived from the original on 18 November 2018 . Retrieved 22 December 2020 .
• ↑ "Museum Vladimir Mulyavin in Belarusian State Philharmonic" . Retrieved 22 April 2022 .
• Екатеринбургская городская Дума.   Решение   №8/1   от   30 июня 2005 г. «О принятии Устава муниципального образования "Город Екатеринбург"», в ред. Решения №1/27 от   27 января 2015 г.   «О внесении изменений в Устав муниципального образования "Город Екатеринбург"». Вступил в силу   со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Вестник Екатеринбургской городской Думы", №95, 15 июля 2005 г. (Yekaterinburg City Duma.   Decision   # 8/1   of   June   30, 2005 On the Adoption of the Charter of the Municipal Formation of the "City of Yekaterinburg" , as amended by the Decision   # 1/27 of   January   27, 2015 On Amending the Charter of the Municipal Formation of the "City of Yekaterinburg" . Effective as of   the day of the official publication.).
• Областная Дума Законодательного Собрания Свердловской области.   Областной закон   №30-ОЗ   от   20 мая 1997 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Свердловской области», в ред. Закона №32-ОЗ от   25 апреля 2012 г.   «О внесении изменений в Областной закон "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Свердловской области"». Вступил в силу   со дня официального опубликования за исключением отдельных положений, вступающих в силу в иные сроки. Опубликован: "Областная газета", №81, 3 июня 1997 г. (Oblast Duma of the Legislative Assembly of Sverdlovsk Oblast.   Oblast Law   # 30-OZ   of   May   20, 1997 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Sverdlovsk Oblast , as amended by the Law   # 32-OZ of   April   25, 2012 On Amending the Oblast Law "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Sverdlovsk Oblast" . Effective as of   the day of the official publication with the exception of several clauses which take effect on a different date.).
• Областная Дума Законодательного Собрания Свердловской области.   Закон   №85-ОЗ   от   12 июля 2007 г. «О границах муниципальных образований, расположенных на территории Свердловской области», в ред. Закона №107-ОЗ от   29 октября 2013 г.   «Об упразднении отдельных населённых пунктов, расположенных на территории города Ивделя, и о внесении изменений в Приложение   39 к Закону Свердловской области "О границах муниципальных образований, расположенных на территории Свердловской области"». Вступил в силу   через 10   дней после официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Областная газета", №232–249, 17 июля 2007 г. (Oblast Duma of the Legislative Assembly of Sverdlovsk Oblast.   Law   # 85-OZ   of   July   12, 2007 On the Borders of the Municipal Formations on the Territory of Sverdlovsk Oblast , as amended by the Law   # 107-OZ of   October   29, 2013 On Abolishing Several Inhabited Localities on the Territory of the Town of Ivdul and on Amending the Law of Sverdlovsk Oblast "On the Borders of the Municipal Formations on the Territory of Sverdlovsk Oblast" . Effective as of   the day which is 10   days after the official publication.).
• Official website of Yekaterinburg (in Russian)

• Places - European, Western and Northern Russia

YEKATERINBURG: FACTORIES, URAL SIGHTS, YELTSIN AND THE WHERE NICHOLAS II WAS KILLED

Sverdlovsk oblast.

Sverdlovsk Oblast is the largest region in the Urals; it lies in the foothills of mountains and contains a monument indicating the border between Europe and Asia. The region covers 194,800 square kilometers (75,200 square miles), is home to about 4.3 million people and has a population density of 22 people per square kilometer. About 83 percent of the population live in urban areas. Yekaterinburg is the capital and largest city, with 1.5 million people. For Russians, the Ural Mountains are closely associated with Pavel Bazhov's tales and known for folk crafts such as Kasli iron sculpture, Tagil painting, and copper embossing. Yekaterinburg is the birthplace of Russia’s iron and steel industry, taking advantage of the large iron deposits in the Ural mountains. The popular Silver Ring of the Urals tourist route starts here.

In the summer you can follow in the tracks of Yermak, climb relatively low Ural mountain peaks and look for boulders seemingly with human faces on them. You can head to the Gemstone Belt of the Ural mountains, which used to house emerald, amethyst and topaz mines. In the winter you can go ice fishing, ski and cross-country ski.

Sverdlovsk Oblast and Yekaterinburg are located near the center of Russia, at the crossroads between Europe and Asia and also the southern and northern parts of Russia. Winters are longer and colder than in western section of European Russia. Snowfalls can be heavy. Winter temperatures occasionally drop as low as - 40 degrees C (-40 degrees F) and the first snow usually falls in October. A heavy winter coat, long underwear and good boots are essential. Snow and ice make the sidewalks very slippery, so footwear with a good grip is important. Since the climate is very dry during the winter months, skin moisturizer plus lip balm are recommended. Be alert for mud on street surfaces when snow cover is melting (April-May). Patches of mud create slippery road conditions.

Yekaterinburg

Yekaterinburg (kilometer 1818 on the Trans-Siberian Railway) is the fourth largest city in Russia, with of 1.5 million and growth rate of about 12 percent, high for Russia. Located in the southern Ural mountains, it was founded by Peter the Great and named after his wife Catherine, it was used by the tsars as a summer retreat and is where tsar Nicholas II and his family were executed and President Boris Yeltsin lived most of his life and began his political career. The city is near the border between Europe and Asia.

Yekaterinburg (also spelled Ekaterinburg) is located on the eastern slope of the Ural Mountains in the headwaters of the Iset and Pyshma Rivers. The Iset runs through the city center. Three ponds — Verkh-Isetsky, Gorodskoy and Nizhne-Isetsky — were created on it. Yekaterinburg has traditionally been a city of mining and was once the center of the mining industry of the Urals and Siberia. Yekaterinburg remains a major center of the Russian armaments industry and is sometimes called the "Pittsburgh of Russia.". A few ornate, pastel mansions and wide boulevards are reminders of the tsarist era. The city is large enough that it has its own Metro system but is characterized mostly by blocky Soviet-era apartment buildings. The city has advanced under President Vladimir Putin and is now one of the fastest growing places in Russia, a country otherwise characterized by population declines

Yekaterinburg is technically an Asian city as it lies 32 kilometers east of the continental divide between Europe and Asia. The unofficial capital of the Urals, a key region in the Russian heartland, it is second only to Moscow in terms of industrial production and capital of Sverdlovsk oblast. Among the important industries are ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, machine building and metalworking, chemical and petrochemicals, construction materials and medical, light and food industries. On top of being home of numerous heavy industries and mining concerns, Yekaterinburg is also a major center for industrial research and development and power engineering as well as home to numerous institutes of higher education, technical training, and scientific research. In addition, Yekaterinburg is the largest railway junction in Russia: the Trans-Siberian Railway passes through it, the southern, northern, western and eastern routes merge in the city.

Accommodation: There are two good and affordable hotels — the 3-star Emerald and Parus hotels — located close to the city's most popular landmarks and main transport interchanges in the center of Yekaterinburg. Room prices start at RUB 1,800 per night.

History of Yekaterinburg

Yekaterinburg was founded in 1723 by Peter the Great and named after his wife Catherine I. It was used by the tsars as a summer retreat but was mainly developed as metalworking and manufacturing center to take advantage of the large deposits of iron and other minerals in the Ural mountains. It is best known to Americans as the place where the last Tsar and his family were murdered by the Bolsheviks in 1918 and near where American U-2 spy plane, piloted by Gary Powers, was shot down in 1960.

Peter the Great recognized the importance of the iron and copper-rich Urals region for Imperial Russia's industrial and military development. In November 1723, he ordered the construction of a fortress factory and an ironworks in the Iset River Valley, which required a dam for its operation. In its early years Yekaterinburg grew rich from gold and other minerals and later coal. The Yekaterinburg gold rush of 1745 created such a huge amount of wealth that one rich baron of that time hosted a wedding party that lasted a year. By the mid-18th century, metallurgical plants had sprung up across the Urals to cast cannons, swords, guns and other weapons to arm Russia’s expansionist ambitions. The Yekaterinburg mint produced most of Russia's coins. Explorations of the Trans-Baikal and Altai regions began here in the 18th century.

Iron, cast iron and copper were the main products. Even though Iron from the region went into the Eiffel Tower, the main plant in Yekaterinburg itself was shut down in 1808. The city still kept going through a mountain factory control system of the Urals. The first railway in the Urals was built here: in 1878, the Yekaterinburg-Perm railway branch connected the province's capital with the factories of the Middle Urals.

In the Soviet era the city was called Sverdlovsk (named after Yakov Sverdlov, the man who organized Nicholas II's execution). During the first five-year plans the city became industrial — old plants were reconstructed, new ones were built. The center of Yekaterinburg was formed to conform to the historical general plan of 1829 but was the layout was adjusted around plants and factories. In the Stalin era the city was a major gulag transhipment center. In World War II, many defense-related industries were moved here. It and the surrounding area were a center of the Soviet Union's military industrial complex. Soviet tanks, missiles and aircraft engines were made in the Urals. During the Cold War era, Yekaterinburg was a center of weapons-grade uranium enrichment and processing, warhead assembly and dismantlement. In 1979, 64 people died when anthrax leaked from a biological weapons facility. Yekaterinburg was a “Closed City” for 40 years during the Cold Soviet era and was not open to foreigners until 1991

In the early post-Soviet era, much like Pittsburgh in the 1970s, Yekaterinburg had a hard struggle d to cope with dramatic economic changes that have made its heavy industries uncompetitive on the world market. Huge defense plants struggled to survive and the city was notorious as an organized crime center in the 1990s, when its hometown boy Boris Yeltsin was President of Russia. By the 2000s, Yekaterinburg’s retail and service was taking off, the defense industry was reviving and it was attracting tech industries and investments related to the Urals’ natural resources. By the 2010s it was vying to host a world exhibition in 2020 (it lost, Dubai won) and it had McDonald’s, Subway, sushi restaurants, and Gucci, Chanel and Armani. There were Bentley and Ferrari dealerships but they closed down

Transportation in Yekaterinburg

Getting There: By Plane: Yekaterinburg is a three-hour flight from Moscow with prices starting at RUB 8,000, or a 3-hour flight from Saint Petersburg starting from RUB 9,422 (direct round-trip flight tickets for one adult passenger). There are also flights from Frankfurt, Istanbul, China and major cities in the former Soviet Union.

By Train: Yekaterinburg is a major stop on the Trans-Siberian Railway. Daily train service is available to Moscow and many other Russian cities.Yekaterinburg is a 32-hour train ride from Moscow (tickets RUB 8,380 and above) or a 36-hour train ride from Saint Petersburg (RUB 10,300 and above). The ticket prices are round trip for a berth in a sleeper compartment for one adult passenger). By Car: a car trip from Moscow to Yekateringburg is 1,787 kilometers long and takes about 18 hours. The road from Saint Petersburg is 2,294 kilometers and takes about 28 hours.

Regional Transport: The region's public transport includes buses and suburban electric trains. Regional trains provide transport to larger cities in the Ural region. Buses depart from Yekaterinburg’s two bus stations: the Southern Bus Station and the Northern Bus Station.

Regional Transport: According the to Association for Safe International Road Travel (ASIRT): “Public transportation is well developed. Overcrowding is common. Fares are low. Service is efficient. Buses are the main form of public transport. Tram network is extensive. Fares are reasonable; service is regular. Trams are heavily used by residents, overcrowding is common. Purchase ticket after boarding. Metro runs from city center to Uralmash, an industrial area south of the city. Metro ends near the main railway station. Fares are inexpensive.

“Traffic is congested in city center. Getting around by car can be difficult. Route taxis (minivans) provide the fastest transport. They generally run on specific routes, but do not have specific stops. Drivers stop where passengers request. Route taxis can be hailed. Travel by bus or trolleybuses may be slow in rush hour. Trams are less affected by traffic jams. Trolley buses (electric buses) cannot run when temperatures drop below freezing.”

Entertainment, Sports and Recreation in Yekaterinburg

The performing arts in Yekaterinburg are first rate. The city has an excellent symphony orchestra, opera and ballet theater, and many other performing arts venues. Tickets are inexpensive. The Yekaterinburg Opera and Ballet Theater is lavishly designed and richly decorated building in the city center of Yekaterinburg. The theater was established in 1912 and building was designed by architect Vladimir Semyonov and inspired by the Vienna Opera House and the Theater of Opera and Ballet in Odessa.

Vaynera Street is a pedestrian only shopping street in city center with restaurants, cafes and some bars. But otherwise Yekaterinburg's nightlife options are limited. There are a handful of expensive Western-style restaurants and bars, none of them that great. Nightclubs serve the city's nouveau riche clientele. Its casinos have closed down. Some of them had links with organized crime. New dance clubs have sprung up that are popular with Yekaterinburg's more affluent youth.

Yekaterinburg's most popular spectator sports are hockey, basketball, and soccer. There are stadiums and arenas that host all three that have fairly cheap tickets. There is an indoor water park and lots of parks and green spaces. The Urals have many lakes, forests and mountains are great for hiking, boating, berry and mushroom hunting, swimming and fishing. Winter sports include cross-country skiing and ice skating. Winter lasts about six months and there’s usually plenty of snow. The nearby Ural Mountains however are not very high and the downhill skiing opportunities are limited..

Sights in Yekaterinburg

Sights in Yekaterinburg include the Museum of City Architecture and Ural Industry, with an old water tower and mineral collection with emeralds. malachite, tourmaline, jasper and other precious stone; Geological Alley, a small park with labeled samples of minerals found in the Urals region; the Ural Geology Museum, which houses an extensive collection of stones, gold and gems from the Urals; a monument marking the border between Europe and Asia; a memorial for gulag victims; and a graveyard with outlandish memorials for slain mafia members.

The Military History Museum houses the remains of the U-2 spy plane shot down in 1960 and locally made tanks and rocket launchers. The fine arts museum contains paintings by some of Russia's 19th-century masters. Also worth a look are the History an Local Studies Museum; the Political History and Youth Museum; and the University and Arboretum. Old wooden houses can be seen around Zatoutstovsya ulitsa and ulitsa Belinskogo. Around the city are wooded parks, lakes and quarries used to harvest a variety of minerals. Weiner Street is the main street of Yekaterinburg. Along it are lovely sculptures and 19th century architecture. Take a walk around the unique Literary Quarter

Plotinka is a local meeting spot, where you will often find street musicians performing. Plotinka can be described as the center of the city's center. This is where Yekaterinburg holds its biggest events: festivals, seasonal fairs, regional holiday celebrations, carnivals and musical fountain shows. There are many museums and open-air exhibitions on Plotinka. Plotinka is named after an actual dam of the city pond located nearby (“plotinka” means “a small dam” in Russian).In November 1723, Peter the Great ordered the construction of an ironworks in the Iset River Valley, which required a dam for its operation. “Iset” can be translated from Finnish as “abundant with fish”. This name was given to the river by the Mansi — the Finno-Ugric people dwelling on the eastern slope of the Northern Urals.

Vysotsky and Iset are skyscrapers that are 188.3 meters and 209 meters high, respectively. Fifty-story-high Iset has been described by locals as the world’s northernmost skyscraper. Before the construction of Iset, Vysotsky was the tallest building of Yekaterinburg and Russia (excluding Moscow). A popular vote has decided to name the skyscraper after the famous Soviet songwriter, singer and actor Vladimir Vysotsky. and the building was opened on November 25, 2011. There is a lookout at the top of the building, and the Vysotsky museum on its second floor. The annual “Vysotsky climb” (1137 steps) is held there, with a prize of RUB 100,000. While Vysotsky serves as an office building, Iset, owned by the Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company, houses 225 premium residential apartments ranging from 80 to 490 square meters in size.

Boris Yeltsin Presidential Center

The Boris Yeltsin Presidential Center (in the city center: ul. Yeltsina, 3) is a non-governmental organization named after the first president of the Russian Federation. The Museum of the First President of Russia as well as his archives are located in the Center. There is also a library, educational and children's centers, and exposition halls. Yeltsin lived most of his life and began his political career in Yekaterinburg. He was born in Butka about 200 kilometers east of Yekaterinburg.

The core of the Center is the Museum. Modern multimedia technologies help animate the documents, photos from the archives, and artifacts. The Yeltsin Museum holds collections of: propaganda posters, leaflets, and photos of the first years of the Soviet regime; portraits and portrait sculptures of members of Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of various years; U.S.S.R. government bonds and other items of the Soviet era; a copy of “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” by Alexander Solzhenitsyn, published in the “Novy Mir” magazine (#11, 1962); perestroika-era editions of books by Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Vasily Grossman, and other authors; theater, concert, and cinema posters, programs, and tickets — in short, all of the artifacts of the perestroika era.

The Yeltsin Center opened in 2012. Inside you will also find an art gallery, a bookstore, a gift shop, a food court, concert stages and a theater. There are regular screenings of unique films that you will not find anywhere else. Also operating inside the center, is a scientific exploritorium for children. The center was designed by Boris Bernaskoni. Almost from the its very opening, the Yeltsin Center has been accused by members of different political entities of various ideological crimes. The museum is open Tuesday to Sunday, from 10:00am to 9:00pm.

Where Nicholas II was Executed

On July, 17, 1918, during this reign of terror of the Russian Civil War, former-tsar Nicholas II, his wife, five children (the 13-year-old Alexis, 22-year-old Olga, 19-year-old Maria and 17-year-old Anastasia)the family physician, the cook, maid, and valet were shot to death by a Red Army firing squad in the cellar of the house they were staying at in Yekaterinburg.

Ipatiev House (near Church on the Blood, Ulitsa Libknekhta) was a merchant's house where Nicholas II and his family were executed. The house was demolished in 1977, on the orders of an up and coming communist politician named Boris Yeltsin. Yeltsin later said that the destruction of the house was an "act of barbarism" and he had no choice because he had been ordered to do it by the Politburo,

The site is marked with s cross with the photos of the family members and cross bearing their names. A small wooden church was built at the site. It contains paintings of the family. For a while there were seven traditional wooden churches. Mass is given ay noon everyday in an open-air museum. The Church on the Blood — constructed to honor Nicholas II and his family — was built on the part of the site in 1991 and is now a major place of pilgrimage.

Nicholas and his family where killed during the Russian civil war. It is thought the Bolsheviks figured that Nicholas and his family gave the Whites figureheads to rally around and they were better of dead. Even though the death orders were signed Yakov Sverdlov, the assassination was personally ordered by Lenin, who wanted to get them out of sight and out of mind. Trotsky suggested a trial. Lenin nixed the idea, deciding something had to be done about the Romanovs before White troops approached Yekaterinburg. Trotsky later wrote: "The decision was not only expedient but necessary. The severity of he punishment showed everyone that we would continue to fight on mercilessly, stopping at nothing."

Ian Frazier wrote in The New Yorker: “Having read a lot about the end of Tsar Nicholas II and his family and servants, I wanted to see the place in Yekaterinburg where that event occurred. The gloomy quality of this quest depressed Sergei’s spirits, but he drove all over Yekaterinburg searching for the site nonetheless. Whenever he stopped and asked a pedestrian how to get to the house where Nicholas II was murdered, the reaction was a wince. Several people simply walked away. But eventually, after a lot of asking, Sergei found the location. It was on a low ridge near the edge of town, above railroad tracks and the Iset River. The house, known as the Ipatiev House, was no longer standing, and the basement where the actual killings happened had been filled in. I found the blankness of the place sinister and dizzying. It reminded me of an erasure done so determinedly that it had worn a hole through the page. [Source: Ian Frazier, The New Yorker, August 3, 2009, Frazier is author of “Travels in Siberia” (2010)]

“The street next to the site is called Karl Liebknecht Street. A building near where the house used to be had a large green advertisement that said, in English, “LG—Digitally Yours.” On an adjoining lot, a small chapel kept the memory of the Tsar and his family; beneath a pedestal holding an Orthodox cross, peonies and pansies grew. The inscription on the pedestal read, “We go down on our knees, Russia, at the foot of the tsarist cross.”

Books: The Romanovs: The Final Chapter by Robert K. Massie (Random House, 1995); The Fall of the Romanovs by Mark D. Steinberg and Vladimir Khrustalëv (Yale, 1995);

See Separate Article END OF NICHOLAS II factsanddetails.com

Execution of Nicholas II

According to Robert Massie K. Massie, author of Nicholas and Alexandra, Nicholas II and his family were awakened from their bedrooms around midnight and taken to the basement. They were told they were to going to take some photographs of them and were told to stand behind a row of chairs.

Suddenly, a group of 11 Russians and Latvians, each with a revolver, burst into the room with orders to kill a specific person. Yakob Yurovsky, a member of the Soviet executive committee, reportedly shouted "your relatives are continuing to attack the Soviet Union.” After firing, bullets bouncing off gemstones hidden in the corsets of Alexandra and her daughters ricocheted around the room like "a shower of hail," the soldiers said. Those that were still breathing were killed with point black shots to the head.

The three sisters and the maid survived the first round thanks to their gems. They were pressed up against a wall and killed with a second round of bullets. The maid was the only one that survived. She was pursued by the executioners who stabbed her more than 30 times with their bayonets. The still writhing body of Alexis was made still by a kick to the head and two bullets in the ear delivered by Yurovsky himself.

Yurovsky wrote: "When the party entered I told the Romanovs that in view of the fact their relatives continued their offensive against Soviet Russia, the Executive Committee of the Urals Soviet had decided to shoot them. Nicholas turned his back to the detachment and faced his family. Then, as if collecting himself, he turned around, asking, 'What? What?'"

"[I] ordered the detachment to prepare. Its members had been previously instructed whom to shoot and to am directly at the heart to avoid much blood and to end more quickly. Nicholas said no more. he turned again to his family. The others shouted some incoherent exclamations. All this lasted a few seconds. Then commenced the shooting, which went on for two or three minutes. [I] killed Nicholas on the spot."

Nicholas II’s Initial Burial Site in Yekaterinburg

Ganina Yama Monastery (near the village of Koptyaki, 15 kilometers northwest of Yekaterinburg) stands near the three-meter-deep pit where some the remains of Nicholas II and his family were initially buried. The second burial site — where most of the remains were — is in a field known as Porosyonkov (56.9113628°N 60.4954326°E), seven kilometers from Ganina Yama.

On visiting Ganina Yama Monastery, one person posted in Trip Advisor: “We visited this set of churches in a pretty park with Konstantin from Ekaterinburg Guide Centre. He really brought it to life with his extensive knowledge of the history of the events surrounding their terrible end. The story is so moving so unless you speak Russian, it is best to come here with a guide or else you will have no idea of what is what.”

In 1991, the acid-burned remains of Nicholas II and his family were exhumed from a shallow roadside mass grave in a swampy area 12 miles northwest of Yekaterinburg. The remains had been found in 1979 by geologist and amateur archeologist Alexander Avdonin, who kept the location secret out of fear that they would be destroyed by Soviet authorities. The location was disclosed to a magazine by one his fellow discovers.

The original plan was to throw the Romanovs down a mine shaft and disposes of their remains with acid. They were thrown in a mine with some grenades but the mine didn't collapse. They were then carried by horse cart. The vats of acid fell off and broke. When the carriage carrying the bodies broke down it was decided the bury the bodies then and there. The remaining acid was poured on the bones, but most of it was soaked up the ground and the bones largely survived.

After this their pulses were then checked, their faces were crushed to make them unrecognizable and the bodies were wrapped in bed sheets loaded onto a truck. The "whole procedure," Yurovsky said took 20 minutes. One soldiers later bragged than he could "die in peace because he had squeezed the Empress's -------."

The bodies were taken to a forest and stripped, burned with acid and gasoline, and thrown into abandoned mine shafts and buried under railroad ties near a country road near the village of Koptyaki. "The bodies were put in the hole," Yurovsky wrote, "and the faces and all the bodies, generally doused with sulfuric acid, both so they couldn't be recognized and prevent a stink from them rotting...We scattered it with branches and lime, put boards on top and drove over it several times—no traces of the hole remained.

Shortly afterwards, the government in Moscow announced that Nicholas II had been shot because of "a counterrevolutionary conspiracy." There was no immediate word on the other members of the family which gave rise to rumors that other members of the family had escaped. Yekaterinburg was renamed Sverdlov in honor of the man who signed the death orders.

For seven years the remains of Nicholas II, Alexandra, three of their daughters and four servants were stored in polyethylene bags on shelves in the old criminal morgue in Yekaterunburg. On July 17, 1998, Nicholas II and his family and servants who were murdered with him were buried Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg along with the other Romanov tsars, who have been buried there starting with Peter the Great. Nicholas II had a side chapel built for himself at the fortress in 1913 but was buried in a new crypt.

Near Yekaterinburg

Factory-Museum of Iron and Steel Metallurgy (in Niznhy Tagil 80 kilometers north of Yekaterinburg) a museum with old mining equipment made at the site of huge abandoned iron and steel factory. Officially known as the Factory-Museum of the History of the Development of Iron and Steel Metallurgy, it covers an area of 30 hectares and contains a factory founded by the Demidov family in 1725 that specialized mainly in the production of high-quality cast iron and steel. Later, the foundry was renamed after Valerian Kuybyshev, a prominent figure of the Communist Party.

The first Russian factory museum, the unusual museum demonstrates all stages of metallurgy and metal working. There is even a blast furnace and an open-hearth furnace. The display of factory equipment includes bridge crane from 1892) and rolling stock equipment from the 19th-20th centuries. In Niznhy Tagil contains some huge blocks of malachite and

Nizhnyaya Sinyachikha (180 kilometers east-northeast of Yekaterinburg) has an open air architecture museum with log buildings, a stone church and other pre-revolutionary architecture. The village is the creation of Ivan Samoilov, a local activist who loved his village so much he dedicated 40 years of his life to recreating it as the open-air museum of wooden architecture.

The stone Savior Church, a good example of Siberian baroque architecture. The interior and exterior of the church are exhibition spaces of design. The houses are very colorful. In tsarist times, rich villagers hired serfs to paint the walls of their wooden izbas (houses) bright colors. Old neglected buildings from the 17th to 19th centuries have been brought to Nizhnyaya Sinyachikha from all over the Urals. You will see the interior design of the houses and hear stories about traditions and customs of the Ural farmers.

Verkhoturye (330 kilometers road from Yekaterinburg) is the home a 400-year-old monastery that served as 16th century capital of the Urals. Verkhoturye is a small town on the Tura River knows as the Jerusalem of the Urals for its many holy places, churches and monasteries. The town's main landmark is its Kremlin — the smallest in Russia. Pilgrims visit the St. Nicholas Monastery to see the remains of St. Simeon of Verkhoturye, the patron saint of fishermen.

Ural Mountains

Ural Mountains are the traditional dividing line between Europe and Asia and have been a crossroads of Russian history. Stretching from Kazakhstan to the fringes of the Arctic Kara Sea, the Urals lie almost exactly along the 60 degree meridian of longitude and extend for about 2,000 kilometers (1,300 miles) from north to south and varies in width from about 50 kilometers (30 miles) in the north and 160 kilometers (100 miles) the south. At kilometers 1777 on the Trans-Siberian Railway there is white obelisk with "Europe" carved in Russian on one side and "Asia" carved on the other.

The eastern side of the Urals contains a lot of granite and igneous rock. The western side is primarily sandstone and limestones. A number of precious stones can be found in the southern part of the Urals, including emeralds. malachite, tourmaline, jasper and aquamarines. The highest peaks are in the north. Mount Narodnaya is the highest of all but is only 1884 meters (6,184 feet) high. The northern Urals are covered in thick forests and home to relatively few people.

Like the Appalachian Mountains in the eastern United States, the Urals are very old mountains — with rocks and sediments that are hundreds of millions years old — that were one much taller than they are now and have been steadily eroded down over millions of years by weather and other natural processes to their current size. According to Encyclopedia Britannica: “The rock composition helps shape the topography: the high ranges and low, broad-topped ridges consist of quartzites, schists, and gabbro, all weather-resistant. Buttes are frequent, and there are north–south troughs of limestone, nearly all containing river valleys. Karst topography is highly developed on the western slopes of the Urals, with many caves, basins, and underground streams. The eastern slopes, on the other hand, have fewer karst formations; instead, rocky outliers rise above the flattened surfaces. Broad foothills, reduced to peneplain, adjoin the Central and Southern Urals on the east.

“The Urals date from the structural upheavals of the Hercynian orogeny (about 250 million years ago). About 280 million years ago there arose a high mountainous region, which was eroded to a peneplain. Alpine folding resulted in new mountains, the most marked upheaval being that of the Nether-Polar Urals...The western slope of the Urals is composed of middle Paleozoic sedimentary rocks (sandstones and limestones) that are about 350 million years old. In many places it descends in terraces to the Cis-Ural depression (west of the Urals), to which much of the eroded matter was carried during the late Paleozoic (about 300 million years ago). Found there are widespread karst (a starkly eroded limestone region) and gypsum, with large caverns and subterranean streams. On the eastern slope, volcanic layers alternate with sedimentary strata, all dating from middle Paleozoic times.”

Southern Urals

The southern Urals are characterized by grassy slopes and fertile valleys. The middle Urals are a rolling platform that barely rises above 300 meters (1,000 feet). This region is rich in minerals and has been heavily industrialized. This is where you can find Yekaterinburg (formally Sverdlovsk), the largest city in the Urals.

Most of the Southern Urals are is covered with forests, with 50 percent of that pine-woods, 44 percent birch woods, and the rest are deciduous aspen and alder forests. In the north, typical taiga forests are the norm. There are patches of herbal-poaceous steppes, northem sphagnous marshes and bushy steppes, light birch forests and shady riparian forests, tall-grass mountainous meadows, lowland ling marshes and stony placers with lichen stains. In some places there are no large areas of homogeneous forests, rather they are forests with numerous glades and meadows of different size.

In the Ilmensky Mountains Reserve in the Southern Urals, scientists counted 927 vascular plants (50 relicts, 23 endemic species), about 140 moss species, 483 algae species and 566 mushroom species. Among the species included into the Red Book of Russia are feather grass, downy-leaved feather grass, Zalessky feather grass, moccasin flower, ladies'-slipper, neottianthe cucullata, Baltic orchis, fen orchis, helmeted orchis, dark-winged orchis, Gelma sandwart, Krasheninnikov sandwart, Clare astragalus.

The fauna of the vertebrate animals in the Reserve includes 19 fish, 5 amphibian and 5 reptile. Among the 48 mammal species are elks, roe deer, boars, foxes, wolves, lynxes, badgers, common weasels, least weasels, forest ferrets, Siberian striped weasel, common marten, American mink. Squirrels, beavers, muskrats, hares, dibblers, moles, hedgehogs, voles are quite common, as well as chiropterans: pond bat, water bat, Brandt's bat, whiskered bat, northern bat, long-eared bat, parti-coloured bat, Nathusius' pipistrelle. The 174 bird bird species include white-tailed eagles, honey hawks, boreal owls, gnome owls, hawk owls, tawny owls, common scoters, cuckoos, wookcocks, common grouses, wood grouses, hazel grouses, common partridges, shrikes, goldenmountain thrushes, black- throated loons and others.

Activities and Places in the Ural Mountains

The Urals possess beautiful natural scenery that can be accessed from Yekaterinburg with a rent-a-car, hired taxi and tour. Travel agencies arrange rafting, kayaking and hiking trips. Hikes are available in the taiga forest and the Urals. Trips often include walks through the taiga to small lakes and hikes into the mountains and excursions to collect mushrooms and berries and climb in underground caves. Mellow rafting is offered in a relatively calm six kilometer section of the River Serga. In the winter visitor can enjoy cross-mountains skiing, downhill skiing, ice fishing, dog sledding, snow-shoeing and winter hiking through the forest to a cave covered with ice crystals.

Lake Shartash (10 kilometers from Yekaterinburg) is where the first Ural gold was found, setting in motion the Yekaterinburg gold rush of 1745, which created so much wealth one rich baron of that time hosted a wedding party that lasted a year. The area around Shartash Lake is a favorite picnic and barbecue spot of the locals. Getting There: by bus route No. 50, 054 or 54, with a transfer to suburban commuter bus route No. 112, 120 or 121 (the whole trip takes about an hour), or by car (10 kilometers drive from the city center, 40 minutes).

Revun Rapids (90 kilometers road from Yekaterinburg near Beklenishcheva village) is a popular white water rafting places On the nearby cliffs you can see the remains of a mysterious petroglyph from the Paleolithic period. Along the steep banks, you may notice the dark entrance of Smolinskaya Cave. There are legends of a sorceress who lived in there. The rocks at the riverside are suited for competitive rock climbers and beginners. Climbing hooks and rings are hammered into rocks. The most fun rafting is generally in May and June.

Olenii Ruchii National Park (100 kilometers west of Yekaterinburg) is the most popular nature park in Sverdlovsk Oblast and popular weekend getaway for Yekaterinburg residents. Visitors are attracted by the beautiful forests, the crystal clear Serga River and picturesque rocks caves. There are some easy hiking routes: the six-kilometer Lesser Ring and the 15-kilometer Greater Ring. Another route extends for 18 km and passes by the Mitkinsky Mine, which operated in the 18th-19th centuries. It's a kind of an open-air museum — you can still view mining an enrichment equipment here. There is also a genuine beaver dam nearby.

Among the other attractions at Olenii Ruchii are Druzhba (Friendship) Cave, with passages that extend for about 500 meters; Dyrovaty Kamen (Holed Stone), created over time by water of Serga River eroding rock; and Utoplennik (Drowned Man), where you can see “The Angel of Sole Hope”., created by the Swedish artist Lehna Edwall, who has placed seven angels figures in different parts of the world to “embrace the planet, protecting it from fear, despair, and disasters.”

Image Sources: Wikimedia Commons

Text Sources: Federal Agency for Tourism of the Russian Federation (official Russia tourism website russiatourism.ru ), Russian government websites, UNESCO, Wikipedia, Lonely Planet guides, New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, National Geographic, The New Yorker, Bloomberg, Reuters, Associated Press, AFP, Yomiuri Shimbun and various books and other publications.

Updated in September 2020

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